Chloroquine (brand names include: Aralen / Avloclor / Cadiquin / Chlorquin / Delagil / Emquin / Lagaquin / Malaquin / Malarex / Malarivon / Nivaquine / Resochin) is a drug of the aminoquinoline class.
Chloroquine is best known as a drug effective for the prevention as well as treatment of malaria. It is also used for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis.
[edit] Since the first documentation of P. falciparum chlorquine resistance in the 1950s, resistant strains have appeared throughout East and West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. The effectiveness of chloroquine against P. falciparum has declined as resistant strains of the parasite evolved. They effectively neutralize the drug via a mechanism that drains chloroquine away from the digestive vacuole. Chloroquine-resistant cells efflux chloroquine at 40 times the rate of chloroquine-sensitive cells; the related mutations trace back to transmembrane proteins of the digestive vacuole, including sets of critical mutations in the PfCRT gene (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter). The mutated protein, but not the wild-type transporter, transports chloroquine when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and is thought to mediate chloroquine leak from its site of action in the digestive vacuole.[19] Resistant parasites also frequently have mutated products of the ABC transporter PfMDR1 gene (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene) although these mutations are thought to be of secondary importance compared to Pfcrt. Verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, has been found to restore both the chloroquine concentration ability and sensitivity to this drug. Recently, an altered chloroquine-transporter protein CG2 of the parasite has been related to chloroquine resistance, but other mechanisms of resistance also appear to be involved.[20] Chloroquine is effective on all five species of parasites, including some strains of P. falciparum. But in many areas P. falciparum is resistant to chloroquine, and other medicines must be used. Antiviral The mechanisms behind the effects of chloroquine on cancer are currently being investigated. The best-known effects (investigated in clinical and preclinical studies) include radiosensitizing effects through lysosome permeabilization, and chemosensitizing effects through inhibition of drug efflux pumps (ATP-binding cassette transporters) or other mechanisms (reviewed in the second-to-last reference below). There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed. Chloroquine is in clinical trials as an investigational antiretroviral in humans with HIV-1/AIDS and as a potential antiviral agent against chikungunya fever.[5] Chloroquine can also be used to prevent and treat P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in areas where drug resistance to chloroquine has not been confirmed. These areas include Central America, the Caribbean, and parts of the Middle East.2 Other parts of the world have confirmed resistance to chloroquine. http://edmedics.net/frblg/achat-clomid/#clomid-ou-duphaston
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[edit] Another serious side effect is toxicity to the eye (specifically, central serous retinopathy). This only occurs with long-term use over many years. Patients on long-term chloroquine therapy should be screened at baseline and every five years.[13] The daily safe maximum doses for eye toxicity can be computed from one's height and weight using this calculator.[14] Chloroquine has a very high volume of distribution, as it diffuses into the body's adipose tissue. Chloroquine and related quinines have been associated with cases of retinal toxicity, particularly when provided at higher doses for longer times. Accumulation of the drug may result in deposits that can lead to blurred vision and blindness. With long-term doses, routine visits to an ophthalmologist are recommended. Sleep disturbances. History
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[edit] [edit] It has long been used in the treatment or prevention of malaria. After the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum started to develop widespread resistance to chloroquine,[3][4] new potential uses of this cheap and widely available drug have been investigated. Chloroquine has been extensively used in mass drug administrations which may have contributed to the emergence and spread of resistance. Medicines to prevent malaria destroy the malaria parasite when it enters the bloodstream. To completely rid yourself of the parasite, take the medicine for 4 weeks after you leave the area where malaria is present. [edit] History Chloroquine can be used for preventing malaria from Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. Popular drugs based on chloroquine phosphate (also called nivaquine) are Chloroquine FNA, Resochin and Dawaquin. Many areas of the world have widespread strains of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum, so other antimalarials, such as mefloquine or atovaquone, may be advisable instead. Combining chloroquine with proguanil may be more effective against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum than treatment with chloroquine alone, but is no longer recommended by the CDC due to the availability of more effective combinations.[11] For children 14 years of age or below, the dose of chloroquine is 600 mg per week.[citation needed]
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Trouble breathing. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs Chloroquine can also be used to prevent and treat P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in areas where drug resistance to chloroquine has not been confirmed. These areas include Central America, the Caribbean, and parts of the Middle East.2 Other parts of the world have confirmed resistance to chloroquine.
July 24 2025 01:51:53
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