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Chloroquine (brand names include: Aralen / Avloclor / Cadiquin / Chlorquin / Delagil / Emquin / Lagaquin / Malaquin / Malarex / Malarivon / Nivaquine / Resochin) is a drug of the aminoquinoline class.

Chloroquine is best known as a drug effective for the prevention as well as treatment of malaria. It is also used for the treatment of extraintestinal amebiasis.





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Chloroquine has a very high volume of distribution, as it diffuses into the body's adipose tissue. Chloroquine and related quinines have been associated with cases of retinal toxicity, particularly when provided at higher doses for longer times. Accumulation of the drug may result in deposits that can lead to blurred vision and blindness. With long-term doses, routine visits to an ophthalmologist are recommended. Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk. Since the first documentation of P. falciparum chlorquine resistance in the 1950s, resistant strains have appeared throughout East and West Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. The effectiveness of chloroquine against P. falciparum has declined as resistant strains of the parasite evolved. They effectively neutralize the drug via a mechanism that drains chloroquine away from the digestive vacuole. Chloroquine-resistant cells efflux chloroquine at 40 times the rate of chloroquine-sensitive cells; the related mutations trace back to transmembrane proteins of the digestive vacuole, including sets of critical mutations in the PfCRT gene (Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter). The mutated protein, but not the wild-type transporter, transports chloroquine when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and is thought to mediate chloroquine leak from its site of action in the digestive vacuole.[19] Resistant parasites also frequently have mutated products of the ABC transporter PfMDR1 gene (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene) although these mutations are thought to be of secondary importance compared to Pfcrt. Verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, has been found to restore both the chloroquine concentration ability and sensitivity to this drug. Recently, an altered chloroquine-transporter protein CG2 of the parasite has been related to chloroquine resistance, but other mechanisms of resistance also appear to be involved.[20] Advice for women Dizziness or blurred vision. A metabolite of chloroquine - hydroxycloroquine - has a long half-life (32–56 days) in blood and a large volume of distribution (580-815 L/kg).[17] The therapeutic, toxic and lethal ranges are usually considered to be 0.03 to 15 mg/l, 3.0 to 26 mg/l and 20 to 104 mg/l, respectively. However, nontoxic cases have been reported in the range 0.3 to 39 mg/l, suggesting individual tolerance to this agent may be more variable than previously recognised.[17] Antiviral The mechanisms behind the effects of chloroquine on cancer are currently being investigated. The best-known effects (investigated in clinical and preclinical studies) include radiosensitizing effects through lysosome permeabilization, and chemosensitizing effects through inhibition of drug efflux pumps (ATP-binding cassette transporters) or other mechanisms (reviewed in the second-to-last reference below). http://edmedics.net/frblg/achat-clomid/#clomid-when-to-use
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Inside red blood cells, the malarial parasite must degrade hemoglobin to acquire essential amino acids, which the parasite requires to construct its own protein and for energy metabolism. Digestion is carried out in a vacuole of the parasitic cell. At the doses used for prevention of malaria, side effects include gastrointestinal problems, stomach ache, itch, headache, postural hypotension, nightmares and blurred vision. [edit] [edit] To prevent some strains of malaria, you take chloroquine once, 1 to 2 weeks prior to travel to an area where malaria is present, and then weekly while you are in the area, and weekly for 4 weeks after you depart from the area.1
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Inside red blood cells, the malarial parasite must degrade hemoglobin to acquire essential amino acids, which the parasite requires to construct its own protein and for energy metabolism. Digestion is carried out in a vacuole of the parasitic cell. Why It Is Used Uses Chloroquine is the most effective medicine for preventing and treating a malaria infection caused by P. ovale, P. malariae, or P. knowlesi parasites. When doses are extended over a number of months, a slow onset of mood changes (i.e., depression, anxiety) can occur. These may be more pronounced with higher doses used for treatment. Chloroquine tablets have an unpleasant metallic taste. Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk. [edit]
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According to research published in the journal PLoS ONE, an overuse of chloroquine treatment has led to the development of a specific strain of E. coli that is now resistant to the powerful antibiotic ciprofloxacin.[16] Uses [edit]

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Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs Chloroquine is effective on all five species of parasites, including some strains of P. falciparum. But in many areas P. falciparum is resistant to chloroquine, and other medicines must be used. Checkups Chloroquine-induced itching is very common among black Africans (70%), but much less common in other races. It increases with age, and is so severe as to stop compliance with drug therapy. It is increased during malaria fever; its severity is correlated to the malaria parasite load in blood. Some evidence indicates it has a genetic basis and is related to chloroquine action with opiate receptors centrally or peripherally.[12] The mechanisms behind the effects of chloroquine on cancer are currently being investigated. The best-known effects (investigated in clinical and preclinical studies) include radiosensitizing effects through lysosome permeabilization, and chemosensitizing effects through inhibition of drug efflux pumps (ATP-binding cassette transporters) or other mechanisms (reviewed in the second-to-last reference below). Chloroquine is in clinical trials as an investigational antiretroviral in humans with HIV-1/AIDS and as a potential antiviral agent against chikungunya fever.[5] Trouble breathing.