Zika virus,


2016 Top 10





The virus, little-known until this year, led to an upsurge in birth defects in Brazil







By





Meghan Rosen







7:40am, December 14, 2016

















ZIKA'S INFLUENCE A young woman holds her daughter,
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, born with microcephaly, outside their home in Recife, Brazil. Researchers this year linked the upsurge in microcephaly cases in Brazil to the mosquito-borne Zika virus.







Felipe Dana/AP Photo










Magazine issue:
Vol. 190, No. 13, December 24, 2016, p. 19








Citations




C.A. Moore et al,
cheap real jordans
. Characterizing the pat... for pediatric clinicians. JAMA Pediatrics. Published online November 3, 2016. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3982.


K. M. Adams Waldorf et al. Fetal brain lesions af...pregnant nonhuman primate. Nature Medicine. Vol. 22, 2016, p. 1256. doi: 10.1038/nm.4193.


F.R. Cugola et al. The Brazilian Zika vir...ts in experimental models. Nature. Vol. 534, June 9,


cheap jordans online
, 2016, p. 267. doi: 10.1038/nature18296.




M.A. Johansson et al. Zika and the risk of microcephaly. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 375,
cheap jordans
, July 7,
cheap jordans free shipping
, 2016, p. 1. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1605367.


S.A. Rasmussen et al. Zika virus and birth d...he evidence for causality. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 374, May 19, 2016, p. 1981. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1605367.





Further Reading




M. Rosen. Concern expands over Zika birth defects. Science News. Vol. 190, October 29, 2016, p. 14.


M. Rosen. How Zika became the pr...t in microcephaly mystery. Science News. Vol. 189, April 2,
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, 2016, p. 26.


M. Rosen. Rapid spread of Zika v...the Americas raises alarm. Science News. Vol. 189, February 20,
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, 2016, p. 16.




A Brazilian mother cradles her baby girl under a bruised purple sky. The baby’s face is scrunched up, mouth open wide — like any other crying child. But her head is smaller than normal, as if her skull has collapsed above her eyebrows.

A week earlier, not far away, a doctor wrapped a measuring tape around the forehead of a 1-month-old boy, held in the arms of his grandmother. This baby too has a shrunken head, a birth defect whose name — microcephaly — has now become seared into the public consciousness.

These images and many more told a harrowing story that case reports alone couldn’t convey: A little-known mosquito-borne virus called Zika appeared to be taking a terrible toll on women and babies, and their families. The world got a gut-wrenching view of microcephaly in 2016, along with a mountain of evidence convincing scientists that Zika bears much of the blame for the dramatic increase in cases.

“Once you’ve seen those pictures from Brazil, you realize what a huge impact this kind of outbreak can have,” says Sonja Rasmussen, a pediatrician at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. Brazil logged its first cases of Zika in 2015, but infections there peaked this spring with perhaps up to 8,
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,000 new infections per week. The virus crept northward and infiltrated many more countries including Panama, Haiti and Mexico. Now, the threat has come to the United States: Cases have been reported in every state except Alaska. They stem mostly from travelers infected abroad, but the virus has staked out new territory in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Florida.

As of December 1, Puerto Rico had reported more than 34,000 people with Zika infections. More than 2,700 are pregnant women. And elsewhere in the United States, the CDC has reported well over 4,000 laboratory-confirmed cases of Zika. In these places and others, the images from Brazil have filled expectant mothers (and anyone considering having kids) with uncertainty and fear. “It’s really scary to be pregnant right now,” Rasmussen says. “We don’t know what to tell women.”

The rise of Zika


In the last two years, many countries reported the transmission of mosquito-borne Zika virus for the first time.

Countries and territories reporting mosquito-borne Zika transmission


Source: World Health Organization. Situation Report: Zika..., Guillain-Barre Syndrome. December 1, 2016.



The threat to unborn babies wasn’t clear when Zika first hit Brazil, or in earlier, smaller outbreaks on Yap Island in the western Pacific and in French Polynesia. In fact, before 2016, not much was known about the virus at all. The majority of people infected don’t show any symptoms. But in the last year, scientists have thrown themselves at Zika, publishing more than 1,
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,500 papers on different facets of the virus, from what species of mosquito it hides in to what cells it invades.

“We’re learning something new every day,” says obstetrician/gynecologist Catherine Spong, deputy director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Bethesda, Md.

The studies have scrubbed away some of Zika’s mystery — in particular, what the virus does in the womb. Scientists have found traces of Zika in the brains of human fetuses and confirmed that the virus can infect and kill brain cells in the lab. “This is the year that people became convinced that this mosquito-borne virus could cause birth defects,” Rasmussen says.

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