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.sciencenews.org/blog/science-ticker/cell-biologists-learn-how-zika-kills-brain-cells



Science Ticker





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, 2016
















E. OTWELL




SAN FRANCISCO — Cell biologists are learning more about how the Zika virus disrupts brain cells to cause the birth defect microcephaly, in which a baby’s brain and head are smaller than usual. Meantime, several strategies to combat the virus show preliminary promise, researchers reported at the Americ... Biology’s annual meeting. Among the findings:
Brain cell die-off
Zika causes fetal brain cells neighboring an infected cell to commit suicide, David Doobin of Columbia University Medical Center reported December 6. In work with mice and rats, Doobin and colleagues found suggestions that the cells’ death might be the body’s attempt to limit spread of the virus.

The researchers applied techniques the...tic cause of microcephaly to narrow when in pregnancy the virus is most likely to cause the brain to shrink. Timing of the virus’s effect varied by strain. For one from Puerto Rico, brain cell die-off happened in mice only in the first two trimesters. But a strain from Honduras could kill developing brain cells later into pregnancy. Microcephaly can lead to seizures, mental impairment, delays in speech and movement and other problems.
Enzyme stopper
Disrupting a Zika enzyme could help stop the virus. The enzyme, NS3, causes problems when it gloms on to centrioles, a pair of structures inside cells needed to divvy up chromosomes when cells divide, Andrew Kodani,
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, a cell biologist at Boston Children’s Hospital reported December 6.

Zika, dengue and other...3 to chop joined proteins apart so they can do their jobs. (Before chopping, Zika’s 10 proteins are made as one long protein.) But once NS3 finishes slicing virus proteins, the enzyme moves to the centrioles, where it can mess with their assembly, Kodani and colleagues found. Something similar happ...tic forms of microcephaly.

A chemical called an anthracene can help fend off dengue, so Kodani and colleagues tested anthracene on Zika as well. Small amounts of the chemical can prevent NS3 from tinkering with the centrioles, the researchers found. So far the work has only been done in lab dishes.
Protein face-off
Another virulent virus could disable Zika. Work with cells grown in lab dishes suggests a bit of protein, or peptide, from the hepatitis C virus, could muck up Zika’s proteins.

The peptide interferes with HSP70, a protein that helps assemble complexes of other proteins, including ones involved in protein production. That peptide and other compounds were already known to inhibit hepatitis C replication, UCLA virologist Ronik Khachatoorian and colleagues had previously discovered. The hepatitis C virus peptide stops Zika virus proteins from being made and hampers assembly of the virus, Khachatoorian reported December 5.

The peptide has not been tested in animals yet.

Tue, 13 Dec 2016 20:19:00 +0000 https://www.sciencenew...wing-rise-zika-infections



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5:18pm, December 9,
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TIME LAG Zika infections among pregnant women (solid line and scale on left) in Colombia spiked in January (around week 4). About six months later, the country saw a drastic increase in the number of infants and fetuses with microcephaly (dotted line and scale on right).







CDC




In 2016, Colombia saw a surge in babies with microcephaly — more than four times the number reported in the previous year.

The country documented 476 cases of the debil...January 31 to November 12, researchers note December 9 in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,
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, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. During the same time period in 2015,
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, the number was just 110 cases.

“This provides very compelling evidence that every country that experiences a large Zika outbreak is likely to see devastating outcomes on fetuses and infants,” says CDC epidemiologist Peggy Honein.

Microcephaly cases in 2016 reached a high point in Colombia in July, about 24 weeks after Zika virus infections peaked there. The time lag suggests that Zika poses the greatest risk to pregnant women in the first and early second trimester, the authors write.

Colombia’s dramatic uptick in microcephaly cases follows one reported in Brazil, which,
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, in 2015, experienced a ninefold increase in cases compared with the previous 14 years. Scientists have concluded that Zika virus was a causal factor.

Some researchers wondered,
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, though, about the extent of Zika’s role in microcephaly in Colombia. Earlier this year, the country’s tally of microcephaly cases seemed smaller than expected, given the reported rise in Zika infections.

The new report suggests that, as in Brazil, Zika virus bears blame...a’s microcephaly epidemic too.

Fri, 09 Dec 2016 22:17:06 +0000 https://www.sciencenew...-top-science-stories-2016



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