to a radio, have a conversation with a passenger,
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, use a hand-held phone,
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, use a hands-free phone or operate voice-to-text technology. Compared with driving free of any distractions,
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, radio was the least problematic, while voice-to-text was the most. The three conversations were about equally distracting and led to substantially degraded driving,
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, marked by less scanning for potential hazards,
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, monitoring mirrors less regularly and showing poor surveillance at pedestrian crosswalks and four-way stops. This effect occurred even though the tasks didn’t require the drivers to take their eyes off the road.
“A cell phone draws attention away from the routines that would provide a good representation of the driving environment,
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,” Strayer says.
Simons calls it inattentional blindness: looking at something and not seeing it. In the most famous demonstration of this phenomenon,
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, six people — three dressed in black and three in white — spend several minutes moving about a room and tossing a ball to each other. Test subjects observe this activity in four 75-second videotapes and are tasked with counting how many times one team passes the ball.
During each video,
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, a brief event occurs that is out of context but plain to see. Either a woman walks across the room holding an umbrella or a person in a gorilla costume passes through. These events each take about five seconds. But when asked afterward if they noticed “anything unusual,” roughly half of the observers don’t recall seeing the gorilla or the umbrella-toting woman. When Simons and a colleague repeated the test

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