A third of the population can’t see the Milky Way at night A new atlas reveals where light pollution obscures the night sky By Thomas Sumner , 14:08 PM June 10, 2016 At night,
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, a river of stars cuts through the dense darkness of space. These celestial bodies form our galaxy’s core and their soft glow earned our galaxy the moniker “Milky Way.” But for more than a third of Earth’s population, the glare of artificial lights conceals this cosmic wonder from view, researchers report June 10 in Science Advances . Nearly 80 percent of North Americans and 60 percent of Europeans can no longer see the galactic core at night , the researchers estimate. Using a combinat... Source URL:

What builds up can also tear down,
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Bacteria build biofilms, communities of the microorganisms encased in a protective goo that shields the microbes from antibiotics and immune system attacks. But the very enzymes bacteria use to construct that shield can also destroy some of its molecules?and strip away the protection,
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, researchers report May 20 in Science Advances,
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“We’re weaponizing the bacteria against themselves,” says P. Lynne Howell, a structural microbiologist at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Howell and colleagues studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which can cause pneumonia and other infections and is particularly problematic for people with the lung disease cystic fibrosis.
The researchers discovered that two enzymes, PelAh and PslGh,
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, which the bacteria use to build two different sugar polymers, can degrade those same polymers. That delete function, supplied by parts of the enzymes known as glycoside hydrolase domains, normally helps correct mistakes or prevents buildup of the sugar chains inside bacterial cells,
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, Howell says.
In laboratory tests,
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. aeruginosa cultures stopped the bacteria from forming new biofilms and melted existing ones. Stripping away sugar polymers did not kill the bacteria but did make them more vulnerable to antibiotics and immune cells. Human lung cells grown in dishes containing the enzymes suffered no harm, suggesting the enzymes wouldn’t damage human tissues.
Animal tests are needed to determine whether the enzymes are safe and can fight biofilm infections in the body, Howell says. Similar enzymes from other bacteria and fungi may also fight biofilm infections caused by those organisms, she says.
Editor’s Note: This story was updated June 7, 2016, to provide the full names of the enzymes.

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and other members of the group who conducted the original replication study (,
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SN: 10/3/15, p. 8) reject Gilbert’s analysis. The 2015 report provides “initial,
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, not definitive evidence” that psychology has a reproducibility problem,
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, they write in a response published in the same issue of Science.
Strikingly, “the very best scientists cannot really agree on what the results of the most important paper in the recent history of psychology mean,
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,” says Stanford University epidemiologist John Ioannidis. Researchers’ assumptions and expectations can influence their take on any results, “no matter how clear and strong they are.”
Many repeat studies in the 2015 paper differed dramatically from initial studies,
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, stacking the deck against achieving successful replications, Gilbert says. Replications often sampled different populations,
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, such as substituting native Italians for Americans in a study of attitudes toward black Americans. Many altered procedures. One replication effort gave older children the relatively easy task of locating items on a small computer screen,
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Repeat studies also generally included too few volunteers to make a statistically compelling case that a replication had succeeded or failed,
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, Gilbert says. Another problem was that each original study

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