President Obama wasn’t the only winner in November’s election: Math also triumphed. At the forefront of the algorithmic charge was numbers nerd Nate Silver, who correctly predicted the presidential winner in all 50 states on his New York Times blog FiveThirtyEight.

Silver incorporated several factors into his calculations,
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, including whether a candidate was an incumbent and how much money a candidate received in campaign contributions. But a hefty portion of Silver’s predictive secret sauce was the careful aggregation and weighting of results from multiple polls. To the chagrin of many,
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, he was dead-on,
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, and election night was touted as a win for Silver as much as it was for the president. (As one fan tweeted: “Tonight, Nate Silver is the Chuck Norris of the Web. Or Chuck Norris is the Nate Silver of fighting.”)

Silver wasn’t the only math whiz prognosticating about this year’s political races. David Rothschild,
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, an economist at Microsoft Research in New York City, predicted back in February on his blog The Signal that Obama would win the election. That’s right, February. (Florida,
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, which Obama won by a margin of less than 1 percent,
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, was the only state that The Signal didn’t call correctly). Rothschild’s recipe for seeing the future was also a mix of ingredients,
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, including economic indicators,
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, incumbency and Obama’s approval rating.

Clearly these multifactor mathematical approaches have merit. But recently Rothschild and his University

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of 29 and 36 suns,
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, these black holes were roughly twice as massive as the previous record holders.
Those masses actually aren’t too shocking, says Jeffrey McClintock, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass. Very massive stars, though rare, should give rise to very massive black holes. What would have been more surprising, he says,
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, is if LIGO failed to turn up any black holes this large. “If the nearest 1,000 stars had been investigated and we hadn’t found any planets,
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, I would go back to church,” he says. “I feel the same way about two 30-solar-mass black holes.”
There are heavier black holes. Those monsters live in the centers of galaxies and can weigh billions of times as much as the sun. But they are different beasts entirely, probably built up as galaxies collide. Black holes such as those detected by LIGO are born when a massive star dies. And given their masses,
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, “they likely formed in a fairly different environment than the Milky Way,
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,” Ravi says.
How much mass a star ends up with at the end of its life depends partly on its store of elements heavier than helium. Atoms such as carbon,
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, magnesium and iron present larger targets to the light that’s escaping a star. As light races outward, it bumps into these atoms,
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, which in turn shove the surrounding gas along. The heavy elements behave like little snowplows attached to the photons, whittling away at the star’s mass as the light radiates into space. To make black holes as massive as LIGO’s,
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, the original stars must have had fewer of these heavy elements

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