The shake-up in spacetime that was picked up the Advanced Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory,
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, or LIGO, in 2015 came from a collision between two black holes weighing about 29 and 36 times the mass of the sun (SN: 3/5/16, p. 6),
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. Such plump black holes were surprising. The creation of a big black hole requires the explosive death of a gargantuan star,
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. But weighty stars are so bright that the light blows gas into space.
“These massive stars can lose up to half their mass to their dense stellar winds,” says study coauthor Véronique Petit, an astrophysicist at Florida Institute of Technology in Melbourne. That leaves only enough mass to make a more modest black hole.
Having a paucity of elements heavier than helium is one way a massive star might retain gas. Atoms such as carbon, oxygen and iron present large targets to the radiation streaming from a star. Photons nudge these atoms along,
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, generating strong stellar winds. A lack of heavy elements could keep these winds in check.
Petit and colleagues have proposed another idea: intense magnetic fields that might redirect escaping gas back onto the star. Observations in recent years have led to the discovery that about 10 percent of stellar heavyweights have powerful magnetic fields,
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, some exceeding 10,000 gauss (the sun’s magnetic field is,
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, on average, closer to 1 gauss).
Computer simulations allowed researchers to see how much mass a star could retain if it were blanketed by magnetic fields. Magnetism is an effective levee, they found. A magnetic star that starts off with 80 times as much mass as the sun,
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, for example,
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, ends its life about 20 suns heavier than a similarly massive one that’s not magnetic.

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