the most rewarding thing they’ve ever experienced,” says neuroscientist George Koob, director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism in Bethesda,
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, Md. “But drug abuse is not just feeling good about drugs. Your brain is changed when you misuse drugs. It is changed in ways that perpetuate the problem.” The changes associated with drug use affect how addicts respond to drug cues, like the smell of a cigarette or the sight of a shot of vodka. Drug abuse also changes how other rewards, such as money or food are processed, decreasing their relative value.
Before researchers began to focus on long-term brain changes,
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, they focused on dopamine,
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, a chemical messenger in the brain that is released from neurons. It plays an important role in movement control,
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, but also increases in response to pleasurable things such as food, sex or drugs. “I think initially back in the mid-‘80s we believed that drug reward occurred because all addictive drugs increase dopamine,
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,” explains Paul Kenny, a neurobiologist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.
?Kenny says that at first “it was a small leap to say a drug is pleasurable because it increases dopamine,
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, and we therefore understand addiction.” But more research has shown that “dopamine is not really a measure for pleasure. Instead,
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, it might be a measure of value. Now,
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, scientists are willing to admit we have no idea where reward comes from or how we experience pleasure.”
But this doesn’t mean that dopamine doesn’t have a place in addiction. As someone takes a drug over and over,

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