formed distinct groups before then,
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, probably between about 6,400 to 14,000 years ago. The finding suggests that dogs may have been domesticated from local wolves in two separate locations during the Stone Age.
The ancient dog’s DNA may also help pinpoint when domestication happened. Using the Newgrange dog as a calibrator and the modern dogs to determine how much dogs have changed genetically in the past 4,
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,800 years, Frantz and colleagues determined that dogs’ mutation rate is slower than researchers have previously calculated. Then,
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, using the slower mutation rate to calculate when dogs became distinct from wolves, the researchers found that separate branches of the canine family tree formed between 20,
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,000 and 60,000 years ago. Many previous calculations put the split between about 13,000 and about 30,000 years ago,
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, but the new dates are consistent with figures from a study of an ancient wolf’s DNA (SN: 6/13/15,
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, p. 10),
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. Frantz and colleagues emphasize that their estimate doesn’t necessarily pinpoint the time of domestication. It could indicate that different populations of wolves were evolving into new species at that time,
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. One of those could later have evolved into the ancestor of dogs.

Shift in dogs’ genetic makeup


The proportion mitochondria types that European dogs carry has changed over time. Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in cells inherited from the mother. Ancient dogs from Europe and the Middle East once carried

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