the notion that serious intergroup conflict might be as ancient as group identity itself.” Group identity, or a shared sense of belonging to a group, is tough to glean from ancient stones and bones. Some researchers suspect that marriages between men and women from neighboring bands of hunter-gatherers fostered alliances and group identities among human ancestors as early as 2 million years ago (SN: 4/9/11,
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, p. 13). If so, small-scale warfare originated long before the Nataruk attack, says Meyer, who has studied a 7,
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,000-year-old massacre at a farming village (SN: 9/19/15, p. ,
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.
Anthropologist Douglas Fry of the University of Alabama at Birmingham disagrees. Group conflicts arose approximately 10,
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,000 years ago as some hunter-gatherers established long-term camps in areas with abundant food and water,
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, he argues. Population growth ensued, as did competition for resources, in his view. That’s probably what inspired the Nataruk attack,
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, Fry says. At the time of the attack, Nataruk was located in a lush, lake-studded part of East Africa.
Excavations by Lahr’s team at Nataruk and more than a dozen nearby sites indicate that the region was an attractive place to live between about 11,500 and 8,000 years ago. Back then,
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, Lake Turkana extended about 30 kilometers southwest of its current boundary. Nataruk was probably situated a few kilometers from the lake, near a lagoon where the ancient attack victims were found.
Fossil finds by Lahr’s team show that a wide variety of animals once lived in and around Lake Turkana, including elephants, antelopes,
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,

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