Because it has taken a long time to recognize that forest elephants are their own species,
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, there isn’t a lot of basic biology known about them. But researchers collected data on more than 1,
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,200 elephants that visited a forest clearing in the southwestern Central African Republic between 1990 and 2013,
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, and have now used that data to make some startling observations about how forest elephants differ from savannah elephants. Their results appear August 31 in the Journal of Applied Ecology,
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.
Biologically the two species of African elephants are fairly similar, but forest elephants have slowed down their reproduction. Female forest elephants can conceive when they are as young as 10 years — but most don’t. The elephants in the study reached sexual maturity as young as 13 and as old as 28 (the median was 23 years,
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, compared with 12 for savannah elephants). And forest elephants breed only once every five to six years, compared with every three or four in savannah elephants. This means that a population of forest elephants would double in size at less than half the rate as savannah elephants.
The researchers suspect that this slow population growth is an outcome of living in the forest environment. Forest elephants rely on a diet of fruit,
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, leaf matter and bark,
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, but most forest growth happens at the treetops. So elephants are going to be limited in what and how much food they can find. “Low reproductive rates may in fact be the norm for large-bodied mammals in these rain forests,
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,” the researchers write.
That

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