advantage of the latest techniques for probing the bacterial experience — be that finding out how bacteria can survive without “essential” enzymes and how offensive attacks can actually give rise to bacterial cooperation. Now that bacterial genome sequencing is cheap,
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, Finkel and fellow scientists can watch microbes evolve in the lab,
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, in real time. Taking genetic snapshots along the way,
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, scientists are building up a detailed picture of the genetic shifts that allow a new strain to become dominant in a given experiment. It is watching evolution in action, Finkel says, quite literally.
But microbes are organisms,
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, much more than little sacks of evolving biochemistry. They have immune systems, of a sort. It was through studies of one bacterium’s antiviral defense that scientists first discovered what’s become the most versatile and headline-grabbing gene editor of all time: CRISPR/Cas9. These ingenious molecular scissors work within microbes to target viral DNA that has invaded bacteria and literally cut it to shreds. Harnessed and aimed at the DNA of other organisms,
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, CRISPR/Cas9 has proved much easier to work with, cheaper and more precise than existing editing tools. It’s been wildly successful at precisely deleting genes,
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, helping to reveal gene functions that have long remained hidden,
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, as Tina Hesman Saey reports in "CRISPR gets a makeover."?
But even this wonder tool has its limits. So, as a legal battle over who owns the patent to the technique rages on,
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, scientists (including the current patent holder) are already tweaking it, adjusting it,

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