right;" title=" ~~ X. Chen <em>et al/Energy Environ. Sci.</em> 2016" />This flow battery’s seesaw movement means costly pumps aren’t needed (prototype shown). A motor tips the battery so that gravity can shift energy-storing materials to the middle, where chemical energy is converted to electricity. Adjusting the angle can speed, slow or stop the flow.


Flow batteries can store energy for a long time and provide power as needed. Because the energy-storing liquids are kept in external tanks,
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, the batteries are unlikely to catch fire,
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, and can be built large or small depending on need. To store more power,
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, use a larger tank.
So far, however,
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, flow batteries are expensive to make and maintain,
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, and have had limited use for providing backup power on the grid. Today’s flow batteries are packed with rare and toxic metal components, usually vanadium. With many moving parts — tanks, pumps, seals and sensors — breakdowns and leakage are common.
At MIT, Chiang and colleagues are developing flow batteries that can bypass those drawbacks. One, an hourglass flow battery, does away with the need for costly and troublesome pumps. The stack where the chemical reactions occur is in the constricted middle,
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, with tanks at either end. Gravity allows the liquids to flow through the stack,
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, like sand in an hourglass. A motor adjusts the battery’s angle to speed or slow the flow.
The hourglass design is like a “concept car,
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,” Chiang says. Though the final product is likely to take a slightly different shape, the design could serve as a model

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