Cytomegalovirus
When the immune system is compromised (for example, by HIV/Aids), Cytomegalovirus is activated and can cause infections.
Shingles
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a painful rash caused by the chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster virus, or VZV).
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of malignant tumour of the blood vessels that develops most commonly on the skin and mucous membranes, but may also affect internal organs.
When Aids sets in
It is not possible to say exactly what symptoms and diseases will be associated with HIV-infection in a specific person. Because of the unique way in which HIV attacks and disarms the immune system, all kinds of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and cancers are able to invade the body. That is the reason why we talk about Aids as a syndrome - a collection of many illnesses and infections.
Mycobacterium avium complex
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is caused by a group of environmental bacteria called Mycobacterium avium complex. These bacteria live harmlessly in the bodies of people with healthy immune systems. In persons with advanced HIV, MAC can spread throughout the body and damage tissue.
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis is caused by by contaminated food or cat faeces.
Cryptosporidiosis
One of the opportunistic diseases that can strike down people with HIV/Aids is Cryptosporidiosis (“crypto”) is caused by a germ called Cryptosporidium parvum.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or PML, is a disease that attacks the brain. It is caused by a virus called JC virus (JCV), which is common among the general population and normally harmless. In people with advanced HIV/Aids, JCV attacks the myelin sheaths around the nerve and brain cells, and causes lesions in the white matter of the brain.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
Pneumocystis carinii is a fungus that is the most important cause of pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS.
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Dr Sindisiwe van Zyl qualified at the University of Pretoria before working for an HIV/AIDS NPO in Soweto for many years. She was named one of the Mail & Guardian's Top 200 Young South Africans in 2012.
The information provided does not constitute a diagnosis of your condition. You should consult a medical practitioner or other appropriate health care professional for a physical exmanication, diagnosis and formal advice. Health24 and the expert accept no responsibility or liability for any damage or personal harm you may suffer resulting from making use of this content.
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The information on Health24 is for educational purposes only, and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you are experiencing symptoms or need health advice, please consult a healthcare professional.
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No new renovations at Nkandla - Dlodlo
Cape Town - The Democratic Alliance wants to know why three officials referred to the National Prosecuting Authority by the Special Investigations Unit for criminal action due to their involvement in the Nkandla scandal were not prosecuted.
An answer by Nathi Nhleko, Minister of Public Works, to a parliamentary question by DA leader Mmusi Maimane revealed on Monday that the NPA decided not to prosecute these officials.
Nhleko stated the SIU referred evidence for possible criminal action against three former senior officials of the department of public works and one contractor involved in the Nkandla matter to the National Prosecuting Authority.
"The latter declined to prosecute the three officials and the enquiry against the contractor is apparently still pending," reads Nhleko's answer.
Furthermore, two of these officials each received salaries of more than R2m, while the other official wasn't in the department of public works' employ.
READ: Officials implicated in Nkandla scandal paid millions
Disciplinary actions
"The DA will therefore write to the NPA to ask for the record of decision not to criminally prosecute the three officials," said Patricia Kopane, DA MP and spokesperson on public works.
"It appears that the NPA has let the three officials off the hook. Aside from the fact that we believe that President Zuma holds ultimate responsibility for the exorbitant and unjustifiable upgrades to his Nkandla residence, which he personally benefitted from, the DA also believes that those officials who were involved must be held to account."
"Corruption is the enemy of good governance that makes the elite wealthier at the expense of the poor and unemployed," continued Kopane.
The SIU referred evidence for possible disciplinary action against 12 employees of the department who were involved in the Nkandla matter to the department.
The department instituted disciplinary actions against all 12 of the employees. One employee pleaded guilty and he was found guilty of misconduct. The penalty was suspension without pay and a final written warning. One of the employees died.
The disciplinary hearings against the remaining ten employees have commenced.
Of these employees, six received performance bonuses between April 2012 and March 2017, totalling R222 743.35.
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