is to process the food we eat and drink in order to provide the body with its energy and nutrient needs, and then to deal with its waste products. The energy is needed to ensure our survival and to repair our body tissues.
Digestive tract
The digestive tract starts at the mouth and ends at the anus.
Read more here about how the whole digestive system works from start to finish.
are the cause of ill health for millions of people the world over and the causes and symptoms of these are numerous. They range from minor, such as slight heartburn or nausea after eating a big meal, to serious, such as colon cancer.
Symptoms of digestive diseases
Symptoms of digestive diseases can include diarrhoea, nausea, heartburn, vomiting, constipation, abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, flatulence, bleeding from the digestive tract, and loss of appetite, according to the
Here’s more about some of the main types of diseases that can affect the digestive system:
Infections
Inflammatory and auto-immune conditions
Functional or structural problems
•    Anal fistula is a small channel between the end of the bowel and the skin close to the anus.
•    Gastritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
•    Intestinal obstruction is a blockage of the large or small intestine.
Cancers
•    Oral cancer
•    Cancer of the anus and rectum
Read More: 
Symptoms of digestive disorders
Reviewed by Dr Estelle Wilken (MBChB) (MMed Int) ,Senior Specialist, Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital. February 2016
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The information on Health24 is for educational purposes only, and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. If you are experiencing symptoms or need health advice, please consult a healthcare professional.
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Russian anthrax outbreak blamed on climate change
Kautokeino - Winter temperatures in Norway's Lapland could rise dramatically this century, with potentially devastating consequences for the region's reindeer and the indigenous Sami people who make their living herding them.
A vast frozen tundra, the mountainous Finnmark plateau in Norway's far north, is experiencing a hot spell -- relatively speaking - wreaking havoc on the centuries-old Sami way of life.
"We already feel the effects of global warming here," says Per Gaup, a colourful reindeer herder in his 60s out on the job. "I can see that we're losing more reindeer because of climate change."
Here, the continental climate with cold and dry winters is gradually becoming more like that of coastal areas, with milder temperatures and more rain.
The change affects grazing conditions for the 146 000 or so semi-domesticated reindeer in the region who feed on lichen and moss under the snow.
"When there's more snow and it turns hard, the animals die because there's less to eat, especially the young ones who are at the bottom of the hierarchy," says Gaup, astride his snowmobile with an orange lasso slung across his chest.
318 words for snow
One of the Sami dialects counts no fewer than 318 words to describe different types of snow. "Seanas", for example, means a kind of grainy snow ideal for reindeer, making it easy for them to dig out the lichen and moss with their hooves.
But it has to be very cold to have that kind of snow. While temperatures in Kautokeino, Norway's main reindeer-herding hub, used to regularly drop to minus 40°C for several weeks at a time, nowadays this happens only rarely and briefly.
And today's conditions are just a taste of what is to come. The mercury is expected to rise by seven to eight degrees Celsius in winter in Finnmark by the end of this century, according to Rasmus Benestad, a researcher at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
A recurring problem for the reindeer now is alternating periods of thaw and freezing, which create thick layers of ice that the starving reindeer are unable to penetrate with their hooves.
When reindeer can't access the lichen and moss on their herder's grazing grounds, the flocks seek out other pastures. This can cause conflicts between herders over grazing grounds, which are not officially demarcated, and may require the herders to resort to the onerous and heavy task of putting out fodder.
The changing climate also complicates the twice-yearly transhumance, when the herders move the reindeer from their summer grazing grounds along the coast to their winter pastures in the Finnmark mountains, and vice versa.
Because of longer autumns, the ice, now often thinner and unpredictable, can give way under the weight of the reindeer as they cross waterways, sometimes taking the animals, and even their herders, into the deep.
"It's getting worse and worse," says another herder, alarm in his voice. "Last year, I lost at least 12 reindeer that fell through the ice. They died. I wasn't able to get them out," he says.
In November 2009, almost 300 animals from a single flock drowned in a river in neighbouring Sweden.
Arctic too hospitable
"The reindeer have always lived with the changing climate and they've learned to adapt to nature," notes Anders Oskal, the director of the International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry.
"Our main concern is that the Arctic is becoming increasingly accessible as it gets warmer, leading to an explosion of human activity," he says.
Prospecting and development of mining and wind energy, along with the construction of roads and holiday cabins all compete with the Samis' ancestral practices, encroaching on their pastures.
"The reindeer may be a semi-domesticated animal but it will always try to stay away from anything it associates with man, especially the females and the young," says Oskal.
Mathis Andreas, a 47-year-old herder, is worried about the potential impact of a Canadian mining company's alleged interest in land near his pastures.
"We can't welcome with open arms people who come and destroy our livelihood, our way of life, our traditional lands," he says.
"No one besides us has ever lived here. A company would just turn up one day and grab what has belonged to us from generation to generation, for hundreds, if not thousands, of years?"
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