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The catalysts used in ammonia synthesis have evolved over time. The most well-known catalyst for ammonia synthesis is the Haber-Bosch catalyst, which is primarily based on iron. However, recent research has explored alternative catalysts to improve efficiency and reduce energy requirements.

Haber-Bosch Catalyst: The Haber-Bosch process, established in 1913, uses a catalyst primarily made of iron. It requires high temperatures (400 to 500°C) https://hyonhealth.com/nitroethane-unveiled-a-comprehensive-exploration-of-its-chemical-versatility and high pressures (100 to 300 atm) for ammonia synthesis.

Alternative Catalysts: Researchers have explored alternative catalysts to improve the efficiency of ammonia synthesis and reduce energy requirements. Some of these catalysts include:

Calcium Amide with Barium: A catalyst composed of calcium amide with a small amount of added barium (Ba-Ca(NH2)2) with ruthenium nanoparticles immobilized onto it has shown significantly higher efficiency compared to conventional ruthenium catalysts at low temperatures below 300°C.

Ru-Loaded Calcium-Aluminum Oxide: Ru-loaded calcium-aluminum oxide C12A7: electride has been found to work well as a catalyst for ammonia synthesis. This method has been implemented in a small plant in Japan.
Source: - Iron and/or Cobalt-Based Catalysts: Highly efficient and stable iron and/or cobalt-based catalysts have been synthesized by pyrolysis of metal phthalocyanine precursors. The presence of alkaline earth or alkali metals is essential for accelerating the reaction rate.
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It's important to note that the development of efficient and sustainable catalysts for ammonia synthesis is an active area of research. Scientists are continuously exploring new catalysts and methods to improve the efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and make ammonia synthesis more economically viable.