.org/article/thinning-ice-leads-winter-warming-arctic">SN: 12/26/15, p. , a shift that could threaten ecosystems and alter global weather patterns. Scientists still don’t fully understand Arctic climate, though.
Earlier this year, Wentworth and colleagues reported finding surprisingly abundant ammonia in Arctic air. They linked the chemical to the guano of the tens of millions of seabirds that flock to the frigid north each summer. Bacteria in the Arctic dine on the feces and release about 40,000 metric tons of ammonia annually. (The smell, Wentworth says,
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Once in the atmosphere,
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, that ammonia reacts with sulfuric acid and water to form small particles that increase the number of cloud droplets,
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, the researchers now propose. A cloud made up of a lot of smaller droplets will have more surface area and reflect more sunlight than a cloud made up of fewer but larger droplets.
This effect causes on average about 0.5 watts of summertime cooling per square meter in the Arctic,
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, with more than a watt of cooling per square meter in some areas,
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, the researchers estimate using a simulation of the Arctic’s atmospheric chemistry. For comparison,
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, the natural greenhouse effect causes about 150 watts of warming per square meter worldwide. On top of that,
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, carbon dioxide from human activities currently contributes about 1.6 watts per square meter of warming on average.
“Birds are in the equation now” when it comes to cloud formation, says Ken Carslaw,
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, an atmospheric scientist at

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