with more geometric thingies regardless of area, though the project took considerable effort from both woman and beast. The dog worked through more than 700 trials, starting as simply as 0 versus 1 and eventually scoring better than chance scrutinizing bigger magnitudes,
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, such as 6 versus 9, Macpherson and William A.? Roberts reported in Learning and Motivation in 2013. (Eight versus nine finally stumped the collie,
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, but more on patterns in accuracy later.) In a 2016 paper in Behavioural Processes,
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, another lab hailed the Sedona research as the “only evidence of dogs’ ability to use numerical information.”
More is better
Dogs might have number sense, but when,
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, or how much, they use it is another matter, notes Clive Wynne of Arizona State University in Tempe,
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, a co?author of that 2016 paper. To see what dogs do in more natural situations,
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, he and Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini of the University of Padua designed a test offering pets at a doggie daycare a choice of two plates of cut-up treat strips. A mix of breeds considered such options as a few big treat strips versus a smaller total amount of treats cut up into numerous small pieces. The dogs, without Sedona’s arduous training,
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, went for the greater total amount of food,
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, regardless of the number of pieces. Of course they did; it’s food?—?more is better. Without controls, food tests may not be measuring numerosity at all.
It’s not just edibility that affects whether an animal pays attention to numerosity. Experience with similarity or differences in objects can matter. Rosa Rugani,

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