advantage of the latest techniques for probing the bacterial experience — be that finding out how bacteria can survive without “essential” enzymes and how offensive attacks can actually give rise to bacterial cooperation. Now that bacterial genome sequencing is cheap,
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, Finkel and fellow scientists can watch microbes evolve in the lab, in real time. Taking genetic snapshots along the way, scientists are building up a detailed picture of the genetic shifts that allow a new strain to become dominant in a given experiment. It is watching evolution in action,
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, Finkel says, quite literally.
But microbes are organisms, much more than little sacks of evolving biochemistry. They have immune systems,
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, of a sort. It was through studies of one bacterium’s antiviral defense that scientists first discovered what’s become the most versatile and headline-grabbing gene editor of all time: CRISPR/Cas9. These ingenious molecular scissors work within microbes to target viral DNA that has invaded bacteria and literally cut it to shreds. Harnessed and aimed at the DNA of other organisms, CRISPR/Cas9 has proved much easier to work with,
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, cheaper and more precise than existing editing tools. It’s been wildly successful at precisely deleting genes,
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, helping to reveal gene functions that have long remained hidden, as Tina Hesman Saey reports in "CRISPR gets a makeover."?
But even this wonder tool has its limits. So, as a legal battle over who owns the patent to the technique rages on,
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, scientists (including the current patent holder) are already tweaking it,
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, adjusting it,
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