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Among the grit and grime cloaking New York City’s subway stations,
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, one type of tiny, sooty particle looms large. Black carbon,
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, an easily inhaled byproduct of burning diesel fuel, clogs the air of underground stations along several subway lines; particle levels can reach an average of seven times as high as those at the roadside, a new analysis suggests.
Researchers knew that subway air was dirty — wheels grinding along metal rails fill tunnels with steel dust,
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, for example? — but until now, no one had measured NYC stations’ black carbon. High levels of the fine airborne particles also have been found at subway stations in Amsterdam and Helsinki,
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, though New York City’s stations may claim the title for most polluted, researchers report November 19 in Environmental Science &,
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; Technology.
Passenger trains in New York City use electricity, but maintenance trains still run on diesel and trigger spikes in underground black carbon levels. Breathing in too much black carbon could spark respiratory problems such as asthma.
Editor's Note: This story was updated December 8,
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, 2014, to correct the name of one of the subway stations in the graph.
Recent maps reveal trouble spots for the world’s imperiled birds. In South America,
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, two swaths light up with unusually high concentrations of birds at risk of extinction: southeastern Brazil plus a strip along the northwest coast of the continent, say nine eminent biologists in a status review of biodiversity in the May 30 Science. Warmer colors indicate a greater number of birds classified as vulnerable or worse by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This pattern contrasts with a map showing where the most bird species live. Species remaining to be discovered and eventually added to the map are likely to be vulnerable ones. The authors’ analysis suggests that newly discovered birds are more likely than older, well-known species to be naturally rare and have small ranges. Both are disadvantages for withstanding the pressures of human activity.
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