The Rubisco enzyme is “slow and confused,” says plant biochemist Spencer Whitney, also at Australian National University. It can capture either carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, or oxygen, which short-circuits the usual energy capture and creates compounds the cell has to clean up. Rubisco’s early forms probably arose more than 3 billion years ago when CO2 dominated Earth’s atmosphere. But in today’s oxygen-rich atmosphere, it easily grabs wasteful O2 ??instead.
Cyanobacteria minimize such waste by creating their own CO2 world. They encase their Rubisco in very tiny compartments where CO2 concentrates. There, with minimal oxygen temptation, the risk of mistakes is low. So cyanobacteria can use Rubisco forms that aren’t particularly discriminating but churn out their products fast.
Getting Rubisco genes to work in a new species poses quirky challenges. For instance, the eight large subunits of the Rubisco
lab at Australian National University in Canberra also explores ways to boost photosynthesis. Putting another species’ Rubisco genes into a plant isn’t new, but this time, researchers persuaded genes from cyanobacteria to make useful quantities of the enzyme.
If researchers can push plants such as soybeans or wheat to photosynthesize as efficiently as cyanobacteria do, crop yields might jump 36 to 60 percent, says Stephen Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Trends suggest the world will need to double supplies of rice, wheat and soy by 2050 to feed the booming population, he says.
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