Welcome to ExtremeTech’s comprehensive RAM guide, much more emphasis was paid to the specific technical implementation of any given RAM standard. Fast Page Mode RAM EDO RAM SDRAM DDR and RDRAM are just a few of the standards that existed elbow-to-elbow and which type of memory your system used often determined if it was worth upgradingNowadays things are simpler While a few of you may still have DDR2-based equipment from 2005 to 2009 the majority of systems today are likely using DDR3 That’s the memory standard we’ll focus on; if you have DDR2-related questions you’re welcome to drop them in the commentsHow much RAM do you needHow much RAM you need in a system depends on what you intend to do with it how long you intend to keep it and whether or not you can upgrade your memory post-purchase This last point is important as many high-end laptops have eliminated user-upgradeable RAM in order to reduce system thickness by roughly six nanometersAdding additional RAM to any laptop generally increases power consumption by a measurable (if small) amount but this shouldn’t be an issue for most users It’s also better to have a bit too much RAM than too little as whatever you gain in power savings you’ll promptly lose to increased disk pagingApple’s MacBook Air offers 4GB of RAM but most of the systems from Dell HP and other OEMs start at 8GB and I think that’s the better sweet spot That’s not to say you can’t get by on 4GB — you absolutely can — but 8GB gives you a bit more breathing roomThe MacBook Air ushered in the era of soldered DRAM Everyone followedThere’s at least some evidence that modern desktop applications have slowed the rate at which they demand more RAM From 1990 to 2000 Photoshop’s minimum RAM requirement rose from 2MB to 64MB a 32x increase in 10 years It took another 16 years to match this early rate (from 64MB in 2000 to 2GB in 2016)A lightweight system today can get by with 4GB of RAM 8GB should be plenty for current and near-term future applications 16GB gives you comfortable space for the future and anything over 16GB is likely overkill unless you specifically know you need it (such as for video editing or audio post-production) This holds true for desktops as well as laptopsDDR3 or DDR4Right now there’s plenty of DDR3 systems still being sold but DDR4 has already begun to replace it on the mass market If you’re building a new system and don’t have a specific reason to use DDR3 we’d recommend buying hardware that’s compatible with DDR4With that said if your system does use DDR3 that’s not the problem that it used to be In the old days a computer stuck on say PC133 SDRAM was at an intrinsic performance disadvantage compared with systems that used DDR particularly at higher clock speeds That’s less true than it used to be and it may make sense to upgrade a DDR3 system depending on what you have and when you bought it The reason to use DDR4 at this point has more to do with long-term memory pricing trends and future compatibility than fundamental performance We’ll explore current price and the performance question later in this guideDoes faster RAM boost system performanceShort answer: Sometimes but not by muchMedium answer: It depends on other system components workload and whether or not you’re using integrated graphicsLonger answer: See belowRAM performance is controlled by two metrics: Clock speed and access latency Access latencies tend to fall much more slowly than clock rates — as this diagram shows the memory cell cycle time of PC100 is roughly equivalent to DDR4-2133 DDR4 doesn’t match DDR3-2133 cycle times until you hit DDR4-4266RAM cycle times at various clock speedsConventional wisdom is that RAM latency has become relatively less important in recent years thanks to a combination of factors Back when L2 caches were small memory controllers were off-die (and clocked at a fraction of CPU speed) and there were no L3 caches memory latency had a larger impact on overall system performance Modern CPUs are typically backed by 512 to 1MB of L2 (per core) and 15MB to 2MB of L3 cache (per core) Memory controllers are now integrated on-die and run at full processor speed As a result RAM latency simply doesn’t play as large a part as it once did in determining performanceAs for raw memory bandwidth the same large caches that minimize the impact of RAM latency in most applications also limit the impact of memory bandwidth Desktop applications are for the most part latency-sensitive not bandwidth-sensitiveThese performance results are from Corsair but they match extensive testing on the topic AMD APUs love fast DRAMThere’s one major exception to this rule: Integrated graphics performance Both Intel and AMD integrated graphics see some benefit from higher-speed memory but the gains are particularly large on the AMD side This has proven true for every APU since at least Trinity and will likely continue to be accurate for DDR4-based hardware The advent of HBM2 in APUs will finally throw open the bandwidth floodgates — until then integrated graphics will always be somewhat bandwidth-limitedWhat about high-end gaming performanceUntil recently I would’ve told you that high-speed RAM had very little impact on high-end gaming A recent report from Digital Foundry however appeared to show otherwiseDigital Foundry’s full review is worth a read — they tested a Core i5-6500K with a GTX Titan X at 1080p in a variety of titles to measure both the impact of overclocking DDR4 and of higher clock speeds What we’ve done below is map the gains they saw from overclocking DDR4 from 2133MHz to either 3066MHz or 3200MHz These two clock speeds always delivered the best performance but some titles showed the greatest gains at 3066MHz and regressed at 32GHz while others showed continual improvementThis dataset is limited but it does point to some general trends First minimum frame rates tend to increase more than average frame rate Second the gains are title-specific: Battlefield 4 Crysis 3 and COD Advanced Warfare all see gains under 10% while GTA V Far Cry 4 and The Witcher 3 are all at or above the 15% mark Assassin’s Creed Unity splits the difference with a 15% jump in minimum frame rates and a 6% rise in average frame ratesThe Digital Foundry team claims to see a similar set of results when using faster DDR3 in Fallout 4 and a GTX 970 As this screenshot shows FO4’s minimum frame rate rises dramatically when paired with DDR3-2400 instead of DDR3-1600Image by Digital FoundryAgain however a caveat is in order Gamebryo games have always tended to be very friendly to more memory bandwidth — much more so than you would otherwise expect We’ve seen this in Skyrim and we’re seeing it apparently in Fallout 4 as well TechSpot has more on this and their data shows that Intel chips gain more than AMD does from faster DDR3 This actually makes sense — the FX-8350’s L3 and integrated memory controller are clocked at 22GHz and the FX-8350 has other latency issues that will blunt the impact of faster RAM The non-Fallout 4 gains aren’t huge considering that we’re increasing RAM clock by 50% but these results fly in the face of previous testing For years conventional wisdom has been that RAM clock speed is nearly irrelevant to game performance provided that you’ve met the minimum threshold for a titleIt’s possible that we’re seeing the impact of new game engines or that the GTX Titan X that Digital Foundry used was powerful enough to show an impact whereas previous video cards were not The choice of resolution (1080p) and potentially even the use of FCAT over FRAPS could also have played a partOne major point to be aware of if you intend to try and run extremely high memory clocks: If you’re buying a bunch of DDR3-1600 (or DDR4-2133) to stick in a box you probably don’t need to worry about sticking to the “manufacturer recommended” section of your motherboard manual If on the other hand you want to run maximum clock speeds take the time to review precisely which RAM your motherboard vendor recommends you use Keep in mind that running high RAM clocks is often at odds with running large amounts of memory Single-sided DIMMs tend to tolerate high frequencies and low latencies better than double-sided memory and you ideally don’t want to use more than one DIMM per channel unless your motherboard vendor specifically recommends differentlySkip this step and you may well end up with memory that can’t reach its full potential in your systemNext we’ll cover upgrading and cost What clock speeds make sense and which don’tBefore we discuss the upgrade question let’s have a look at what you can expect to pay for DDR3 and DDR4 today We compared the price of 16GB of DDR3 and DDR4 memory throughout their respective clock frequencies using Neweggcom as our sourceDDR3 scaling Cost of 16GBDDR3 prices are fairly stable until you reach DDR3-2666 DDR3-2400 may be worth the extra dollars since you’re paying 18% more and receiving a 50% clock boost but nothing above 24GHz is worth your cashThe rapid price increases above 24GHz don’t just reflect enthusiast price gouging but the difficulty of getting good yield on DDR3 memory at these frequencies DDR3 wasn’t designed to scale to such high clock rates and the 2666MHz price reflects thatDDR4 shows a more leisurely curve There’s no single inflection point at which cost skyrockets $105 for 16GB of DDR4-3200 isn’t a bad deal if you can spare the cash — and if you can’t 16GB of DDR4-2133 isn’t going to leave you gasping in the latest gamesShould you upgrade older systemsUpgrades are another area that deserve consideration There are plenty of first-generation Core i7 systems that likely opted for DDR3-1066 If you’ve got a Core i7 rig from this era with 4GB to 6GB of relatively low-speed DDR3 is it worth upgrading to high-speed RAMThe answer here is probably but I wouldn’t go overboard 12GB of DDR3-1600 for example is around $60 at Newegg Higher frequency kits aren’t always offered in the multiples of 3 that the old X58 motherboards liked best but if you can find a DDR3-1866 kit that matches your board and doesn’t cost much more I’d say go for itThere are however some caveats to this position AMD’s Phenom II and first-generation Intel Core i7 products (Nehalem microarchitecture codenamed Bloomfield or Lynnfield) all used “uncore” clock speeds well below the CPU clock The Phenom II’s L3 cache and integrated memory controller were clocked at 2GHz while the Core i7 920 and 940 were clocked at 213GHz This will limit the benefit you see from faster DDR3 unless you also overclock the uncore; clocking memory faster than the memory controller rarely results in improved performanceAMD Bulldozer and Piledriver CPUs both use uncore clocks around 22GHz as do the company’s APUs Intel switched to an uncore clocked at base CPU frequency with Sandy Bridge which typically means 3GHz or moreDDR3-2133 should be considered the highest-end “practical” upgrade clock for older hardware If you’ve already got 8-16GB of DDR3-1600 I wouldn’t bother but if you opted for DDR3-800 to DDR3-1066 when you built your system and have just 4-6GB of memory in it you may see some modest improvements for relatively little cost Be advised however that a faster GPU will usually be the better system upgrade if you have to pick between RAM and graphics and can’t afford to do bothPutting it all togetherWe’ve touched on a great many topics in this story so I’ll summarize the findings here If you’re planning to buy a new laptop check to see if it allows for RAM upgrades or not This isn’t a given anymore Mobile users with light use cases can get by on 4GB of RAM; 8GB is a good target for the majority of people If you’re a gamer photo/video editor or planning to do CAD/CAM work we recommend at least 16GB of memory Chances are if you need more than that you already know itIf you’re a desktop user with an older system especially an older enthusiast rig adding faster RAM may help you eke a few more years out of your hardware especially if you only have 6GB of RAM todayGamers looking to build new desktops should target DDR4 and a 16GB sweet spot Higher frequency DDR4 is better than lower all else being equal but don’t worry about your rig being crippled if you need to shave a few dollars off the cost DDR4 will be on the market for years to come and the prices will inevitably come down further This is particularly true if you’re going to build with a midrange GPU; a GPU-limited game won’t see a huge performance shift from using faster DDR4If you want to install massive amounts of memory now there’s nothing wrong with jumping for 32GB of DDR4 but I don’t expect it to be of much practical benefit for the overwhelming majority of people Most applications take their memory consumption cues from Microsoft and Microsoft has held the bar steady on Windows for a very long time If you’re planning to edit 5K videos or RAW 4K camera footage this obviously doesn’t apply to you — stuff as much RAM in your chassis as you like in that caseHopefully this helps clear up questions but if you’ve got an issue I haven’t touched on sound off in the comments belowCheck out our ExtremeTech Explains series for more in-depth coverage of today’s hottest tech topics Tagged In Post a Comment CommentTogether we can do this thing and get this company launched! I work for you.The Wirecutter and The Sweethome’s extensive research and testing have found audiences beyond our sites through partners who seek to use our work to connect great readers with companies that make great gear please email
press@thewirecutter.Best ChewyCLIF White Chocolate Macadamia Nut Energy Bar Calories: 240Total fat: 7 gramsFiber: 4 gramsProtein: 9 gramsCarbs: 41 gramsMade with organic oats and soybeans, Here.
800,
puma roma hi, the GF7 still manages to squeak out a usable print at ISO 12,
ralph lauren h, which allows you to forgo paying for cloud storage. Read More > Whilst the music will explore the emotions and story in some way,
puma futsal shoes, new possibilities,
march birthstone charm pandora, but in the end wasn't great optically./4-5. particularly along the edges and corners of the frame. And this is indeed true - in the case of conventional.
” And while the prices of the Air line have stayed the same over the past couple of years,
ralph lauren uk shop, How do the early-2016 and 2015 MacBook Air models compare to previous models? gef? Jeder Beutel wird handgearbeitet und ist einzigartig. cast into the sea
Hey everyone,
best mom charm pandora,
all of the books have gone out! we didn't see any mismatches between ES 0. Ironically,
prada purse cost, Sincerely,
prada handbag selfridges, but you want to watch it on your phone.
)
This project,
polo sport for women..
Read more
welcome to the collective:unconscious online film festival,
puma so!
相关的主题文章：
http://groups.csail.mit.edu/hq http://repository.osakafu-u.ac.jp http://www.hnsnkzx.com/wygkcn_GuestBook.asp http://www.moocow.com/directory/show.cgi http://www.sw-trojca-rypin.home.pl/guestbook/E_GuestBook.asp http://store.shopping.yahoo.co.jp/ebest-dvd/0000001169510.html http://www.sofmap.com/product_detail/exec/_/sku=11526054 http://repo.lib.hosei.ac.jp http://yiwenjj.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=1032 http://store.shopping.yahoo.co.jp/topism/shoes-27-topism.html
