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Nightjars are medium-sized
nocturnal
birds with long wings, short legs and very short bills
that usually nest on the ground. Nightjars are sometimes
referred to as goatsuckers from the mistaken belief
that they suck milk from goats (the
Latin for goatsucker is Caprimulgus). Some
North American species are named as nighthawks.
Nightjars are found around the world. They are mostly
active in the late evening and early morning or at night,
and feed predominantly on moths and other large flying
insects.
Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long
pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to
resemble bark or leaves. Some species, unusually for birds,
perch along a branch, rather than across it. This helps to
conceal them during the day.
The
Common Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii is
unique as a bird that undergoes a form of hibernation,
becoming torpid and with a much reduced body temperature for
weeks or months.
Nightjars lay one or two patterned eggs directly onto
bare ground.
Traditionally, nightjars have been divided into two
subfamilies: the Caprimulginae, or typical nightjars
with about 70 species, and the Chordeilinae, or
nighthawks of the New World with about 8 species. The
two groups are similar in most respects, but the typical
nightjars have rictal bristles, longer bills, and softer
plumage. In their pioneering DNA-DNA hybridisation work,
Sibley and Ahlquist found that the genetic difference
between the eared nightjars and the typical nightjars was,
in fact, greater than that between the typical nightjars and
the nighthawks of the New World. Accordingly, they placed
the eared nightjars in a separate family: Eurostopodidae.
Subsequent work, both morphological and genetic, has
provided support for the separation of the typical and the
eared nightjars, and some authorities have adopted this
Sibley-Ahlquist recommendation, and also the more
far-reaching one to group all the
owls
(traditionally Strigiformes) together in the
Caprimulgiformes. The listing below retains a more orthodox
arrangement, but recognises the eared nightjars as a
separate group. For more detail and an alternative
classification scheme, see Caprimulgiformes and Sibley-Ahlquist
taxonomy.
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United States
China
Viet nam
Russian Federation
France
Hungary
unknown
Ukraine
Canada
United Kingdom
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Italy
Taiwan, Province of China
Seychelles
Australia
Romania
Indonesia
India
Thailand
Sweden
Brazil
Japan
South Africa
Lithuania
Argentina
Spain
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Chile
Luxembourg
Turkey
Moldova, Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Belarus
Malaysia
Venezuela
Switzerland
Singapore
Colombia
Hong Kong
Mexico
Mongolia
Czech Republic
Belize
Greece
Honduras
Estonia
Latvia
Bulgaria
