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Electric fish
Fish Guide
Electric fish
An
electric fish is a fish that can generate
electric fields. It is said to be electrogenic; a fish that
has the ability to detect electric fields is said to be
electroreceptive. Most fish that are electrogenic are also
electroreceptive. Electric fish species can be found both in
the sea and in freshwater rivers of South America and
Africa. Many fishes such as sharks, rays and
catfishes can detect electric fields, and are thus
electroreceptive, but as they cannot generate an electric
field they are not classified as electric fish. Most common
bony fish (teleosts),
including most fish that kept in
aquaria or caught for food, are neither electrogenic nor
electroreceptive.
Strongly and weakly electric fish
Electric fish produce their electric fields from a
specialized structure called an
electric organ. This is made up of modified muscle or nerve
cells, which became specialized for producing
electric fields. Typically this organ is located in the tail
of the electric fish. The electrcial output of the organ is
called the electric organ discharge (EOD).
Fish that have an EOD that is powerful enough to stun
their prey are called strongly electric fish . The
amplitude of the signal can range from 10 to 500
volts with a current of up to 1 ampere. Typical examples are
the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus; not a true eel
but a knifefish), the electric catfishes (family
Malapteruridae), and electric rays (order Torpediniformes).
By contrast, weakly electric fish generate a
discharge that is typically less than one volt in amplitude.
These are too weak to stun prey, but are used for
navigation, object detection (electrolocation) and
communication with other electric fish
(electrocommunication). Some of the best known and most
studied examples are
Peters' elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersi )
and the
black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons ).
The EOD waveform takes two general forms depending on the
species. In some species the waveform is continuous and
almost sinusoidal (for example the genera Apteronotus,
Eigenmannia and Gymnarchus) and these are said to have a
wave-type EOD. In other species, the EOD waveform consists
of brief pulses separated by longer gaps (for example
Gnathonemus, Gymnotus, Raja) and these are said to have a pulse-type EOD.
Table of electric fish
This is a table of all known electric fish species within
fresh water. In salt water there is only one order, the
Torpediniformes (electric rays), inside the chondrichthyes
that shows species generating even strong electric pulses
(genus Torpedo spp., which counts 22 known species).
Taxon
Species (348)
Gymnotiformes
Apteronotidae
(46 species in 13 genera)
Adontosternarchus balaenops,
Adontosternarchus clarkae, Adontosternarchus
devenanzii, Adontosternarchus sachsi, Apteronotus
albifrons, Apteronotus apurensis, Apteronotus
bonapspeciesii, Apteronotus brasiliensis,
Apteronotus caudimaculosus, Apteronotus cuchillejo,
Apteronotus cuchillo, Apteronotus ellisi,
Apteronotus eschmeyeri, Apteronotus jurubidae,
Apteronotus leptorhynchus, Apteronotus macrolepis,
Apteronotus macrostomus, Apteronotus magdalenensis,
Apteronotus marauna, Apteronotus mariae, Apteronotus
rostratus, Apteronotus spurrellii, Compsaraia compsa,
Magosternarchus duccis, Magosternarchus raptor,
Megadontognathus cuyuniense, Megadontognathus
kaitukaensis, Orthosternarchus tamandua,
Parapteronotus hasemani, Platyurosternarchus
macrostomus, Porotergus gimbeli, Porotergus gymnotus,
Sternarchella curvioperculata, Sternarchella orthos,
Sternarchella schotti, Sternarchella sima,
Sternarchella terminalis, Sternarchogiton nattereri,
Sternarchogiton porcinum, Sternarchorhamphus
muelleri, Sternarchorhynchus britskii,
Sternarchorhynchus curvirostris, Sternarchorhynchus
mesensis, Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus,
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus, Sternarchorhynchus
roseni
Gymnotidae
(29 species in 1 genus)
Gymnotus anguillaris,
Gymnotus arapaima, Gymnotus ardilai, Gymnotus
bahianus, Gymnotus carapo, Gymnotus cataniapo,
Gymnotus choco, Gymnotus coatesi, Gymnotus coropinae,
Gymnotus cylindricus, Gymnotus diamantinensis,
Gymnotus esmeraldas, Gymnotus henni, Gymnotus
inaequilabiatus, Gymnotus javari, Gymnotus jonasi,
Gymnotus maculosus, Gymnotus mamiraua, Gymnotus
melanopleura, Gymnotus onca, Gymnotus panamensis,
Gymnotus pantanal, Gymnotus pantherinus, Gymnotus
paraguensis, Gymnotus pedanopterus, Gymnotus
stenoleucus, Gymnotus sylvius, Gymnotus tigre,
Gymnotus ucamara
Electrophoridae
(1 species in 1 genus)
Electrophorus electricus
Hypopomidae
(14 species in 7 genera)
Brachyhypopomus beebei,
Brachyhypopomus brevirostris, Brachyhypopomus diazi,
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis, Brachyhypopomus
occidentalis, Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus,
Hypopomus speciesedi, Hypopygus lepturus, Hypopygus
neblinae, Microsternarchus bilineatus, Racenisia
fimbriipinna, Steatogenys duidae, Steatogenys
elegans, Stegostenopos cryptogenes
Rhamphichthyidae
(15 species in 3 genera)
Gymnorhamphichthys
hypostomus, Gymnorhamphichthys petiti,
Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni, Gymnorhamphichthys
rosamariae, Iracema caiana, Rhamphichthys apurensis,
Rhamphichthys atlanticus, Rhamphichthys drepanium,
Rhamphichthys hahni, Rhamphichthys lineatus,
Rhamphichthys longior, Rhamphichthys marmoratus,
Rhamphichthys pantherinus, Rhamphichthys rostratus,
Rhamphichthys schomburgki
Sternopygidae
(28 species in 5 genera)
Archolaemus blax,
Distocyclus conirostris, Distocyclus goajira,
Eigenmannia humboldtii, Eigenmannia limbata,
Eigenmannia macrops, Eigenmannia microstoma,
Eigenmannia nigra, Eigenmannia trilineata,
Eigenmannia vicentespelaea, Eigenmannia virescens,
Rhabdolichops caviceps, Rhabdolichops eastwardi,
Rhabdolichops electrogrammus, Rhabdolichops jegui,
Rhabdolichops stewspeciesi, Rhabdolichops troscheli,
Rhabdolichops zareti, Sternopygus aequilabiatus,
Sternopygus arenatus, Sternopygus astrabes,
Sternopygus branco, Sternopygus castroi, Sternopygus
dariensis, Sternopygus macrurus, Sternopygus
obtusirostris, Sternopygus pejeraton, Sternopygus
xingu
Osteoglossiformes
Gymnarchidae
(1 species in 1 genus)
Gymnarchus niloticus
Mormyridae
(203 species in 18 genera)
Boulengeromyrus knoepffleri,
Brienomyrus adustus, Brienomyrus brachyistius,
Brienomyrus curvifrons, Brienomyrus hopkinsi,
Brienomyrus kingsleyae eburneensis, Brienomyrus
kingsleyae kingsleyae, Brienomyrus longianalis,
Brienomyrus longicaudatus, Brienomyrus niger,
Brienomyrus sphekodes, Brienomyrus tavernei,
Campylomormyrus alces, Campylomormyrus bredoi,
Campylomormyrus cassaicus, Campylomormyrus christyi,
Campylomormyrus curvirostris, Campylomormyrus
elephas, Campylomormyrus luapulaensis,
Campylomormyrus mirus, Campylomormyrus numenius,
Campylomormyrus orycteropus, Campylomormyrus
phantasticus, Campylomormyrus rhynchophorus,
Campylomormyrus tamandua, Campylomormyrus tshokwe,
Genyomyrus donnyi, Gnathonemus barbatus, Gnathonemus
echidnorhynchus, Gnathonemus longibarbis,
Gnathonemus petersii, Heteromormyrus pauciradiatus,
Hippopotamyrus aelsbroecki, Hippopotamyrus ansorgii,
Hippopotamyrus batesii, Hippopotamyrus castor,
Hippopotamyrus discorhynchus, Hippopotamyrus grahami,
Hippopotamyrus harringtoni, Hippopotamyrus macrops,
Hippopotamyrus macroterops, Hippopotamyrus
pappenheimi, Hippopotamyrus paugyi, Hippopotamyrus
pictus, Hippopotamyrus psittacus, Hippopotamyrus
retrodorsalis, Hippopotamyrus smithersi,
Hippopotamyrus szaboi, Hippopotamyrus weeksii,
Hippopotamyrus wilverthi, Hyperopisus bebe bebe,
Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis, Isichthys henryi,
Ivindomyrus opdenboschi, Marcusenius rhodesianus,
Marcusenius sanagaensis, Marcusenius schilthuisiae,
Marcusenius senegalensis gracilis, Marcusenius
senegalensis pfaffi, Marcusenius senegalensis
senegalensis, Marcusenius stanleyanus, Marcusenius
thomasi, Marcusenius ussheri, Marcusenius victoriae,
Marcusenius abadii, Marcusenius annamariae,
Marcusenius bentleyi, Marcusenius brucii,
Marcusenius cuangoanus, Marcusenius cyprinoides,
Marcusenius deboensis, Marcusenius dundoensis,
Marcusenius friteli, Marcusenius furcidens,
Marcusenius fuscus, Marcusenius ghesquierei,
Marcusenius greshoffii, Marcusenius intermedius,
Marcusenius kutuensis, Marcusenius leopoldianus,
Marcusenius livingstonii, Marcusenius macrolepidotus
angolensis, Marcusenius macrolepidotus
macrolepidotus, Marcusenius macrophthalmus,
Marcusenius mento, Marcusenius meronai, Marcusenius
monteiri, Marcusenius moorii, Marcusenius ntemensis,
Marcusenius nyasensis, Marcusenius rheni, Mormyrops
anguilloides, Mormyrops attenuatus, Mormyrops
batesianus, Mormyrops breviceps, Mormyrops caballus,
Mormyrops citernii, Mormyrops curtus, Mormyrops
curviceps, Mormyrops engystoma, Mormyrops furcidens,
Mormyrops intermedius, Mormyrops lineolatus,
Mormyrops mariae, Mormyrops masuianus, Mormyrops
microstoma, Mormyrops nigricans, Mormyrops oudoti,
Mormyrops parvus, Mormyrops sirenoides, Mormyrus
bernhardi, Mormyrus caballus asinus, Mormyrus
caballus bumbanus, Mormyrus caballus caballus,
Mormyrus caballus lualabae, Mormyrus casalis,
Mormyrus caschive, Mormyrus cyaneus, Mormyrus felixi,
Mormyrus goheeni, Mormyrus hasselquistii, Mormyrus
iriodes, Mormyrus kannume, Mormyrus lacerda,
Mormyrus longirostris, Mormyrus macrocephalus,
Mormyrus macrophthalmus, Mormyrus niloticus,
Mormyrus ovis, Mormyrus rume proboscirostris,
Mormyrus rume rume, Mormyrus subundulatus, Mormyrus
tapirus, Mormyrus tenuirostris, Mormyrus thomasi,
Myomyrus macrodon, Myomyrus macrops, Myomyrus pharao,
Oxymormyrus boulengeri, Oxymormyrus zanclirostris,
Paramormyrops gabonensis, Paramormyrops jacksoni,
Petrocephalus ansorgii, Petrocephalus balayi,
Petrocephalus bane bane, Petrocephalus bane
comoensis, Petrocephalus binotatus, Petrocephalus
bovei bovei, Petrocephalus bovei guineensis,
Petrocephalus catostoma catostoma, Petrocephalus
catostoma congicus, Petrocephalus catostoma
haullevillei, Petrocephalus catostoma tanensis,
Petrocephalus christyi, Petrocephalus cunganus,
Petrocephalus gliroides, Petrocephalus grandoculis,
Petrocephalus guttatus, Petrocephalus hutereaui,
Petrocephalus keatingii, Petrocephalus levequei,
Petrocephalus microphthalmus, Petrocephalus
pallidomaculatus, Petrocephalus pellegrini,
Petrocephalus sauvagii, Petrocephalus schoutedeni,
Petrocephalus simus, Petrocephalus soudanensis,
Petrocephalus squalostoma, Petrocephalus sullivani,
Petrocephalus tenuicauda, Petrocephalus wesselsi,
Pollimyrus adspersus, Pollimyrus brevis, Pollimyrus
castelnaui, Pollimyrus isidori fasciaticeps,
Pollimyrus isidori isidori, Pollimyrus isidori
osborni, Pollimyrus maculipinnis, Pollimyrus marchei,
Pollimyrus nigricans, Pollimyrus nigripinnis,
Pollimyrus pedunculatus, Pollimyrus petherici,
Pollimyrus petricolus, Pollimyrus plagiostoma,
Pollimyrus pulverulentus, Pollimyrus schreyeni,
Pollimyrus stappersii kapangae, Pollimyrus
stappersii stappersii, Pollimyrus tumifrons,
Stomatorhinus ater, Stomatorhinus corneti,
Stomatorhinus fuliginosus, Stomatorhinus humilior,
Stomatorhinus kununguensis, Stomatorhinus microps,
Stomatorhinus patrizii, Stomatorhinus polli,
Stomatorhinus polylepis, Stomatorhinus puncticulatus,
Stomatorhinus schoutedeni, Stomatorhinus walkeri
Siluriformes
Malapteruridae
(11 species in 1 genus)
Malapterurus beninensis,
Malapterurus cavalliensis, Malapterurus electricus,
Malapterurus leonensis, Malapterurus microstoma,
Malapterurus minjiriya, Malapterurus monsembeensis,
Malapterurus oguensis, Malapterurus shirensis,
Malapterurus tanganyikaensis, Malapterurus tanoensis
References
Bullock TH, Heiligenberg W (eds) (1986)
Electroreception. Wiley, 722 pp.
Heiligenberg W (1991) Neural nets in electric fish.
MIT Press, 179 pp.
Moller P (1995) Electric Fishes: History and
Behavior. Chapman & Hall, 583 pp.
External links
Electric Fish, Mark E. Nelson, Beckman Institute
Neuroscience Program,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Accessed
11/2006,
[1]
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