A Let us have a closer look to some elements which can have an effect on wage differences between men and women! The employment of women emerges as a problem for employers because of the differences in gender roles (the frequent sick-leave of women with young children, the restricted disposal after working hours, etc.) Labour market has been differentiated, beside the traditional forms of employment independent or semi-independent forms have appeared. In the Bérbarométer database concerning educational degrees the rate of skilled workers is twice as much among men that among women (30% of men compared to 19% of women). The rate of men and women who have a university degree is almost the same while 47% of women and only 37% of men has a high-school degree. While the public sphere needs more intellectual, administrative workers than the private sphere and women in these professions are in a higher rate than men, the rate of women working in the public sphere is higher than that of men. Men tend to occupy managerial positions in higher proportions than women in the private sector and in the public sector as well as in the non-profit sector. While in the privet and public sector there are 1.8 times more men than women in managerial positions, in the non-profit sector this difference is more than double. By examining employment structure from the point of view of economic branches we can state that masculine and feminine sectors can be well separated but there certainly are sectors where there are no significant differences concerning the rate of men and women. Feminine branches: The most typical feminine branch is health and social care where the rate of women is more than four times higher than that of men. There is a dominance of women (at least what concerns employees) in finance, education and manufacture of non-metallic mineral products where the rate of women is more than double. The same stands for the manufacture of leather products and footwear and the manufacture of textiles and textile products. Manly branches: The most masculine branches are Manufacture of wood and construction; here there work four times more men than women. Traditionally, more men are employed in agriculture, mining, manufacture of machinery and equipment, manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus and other manufacturing where there are two times more men than women. And in manufacturing n.e.c. Industry where there are three times more men than women. Womanly occupational branches: In office clerk occupations women are six times more than men. In the group of other higher educational or secondary educational degree women’s rate is two times bigger than that of men, in the group of occupations requiring no qualification women’s rate is one and a half times bigger than men’s. Furthermore, in the group of occupation needing independent use of higher educational degree women’s rate is slightly bigger than that of men. Manly occupational groups: Men’s rate is 2.4 times bigger in agriculture and forestry as well as in the group of machinists, machinery assemblers and drivers. They are more than two time more in industry and construction. Finally, men’s rate is almost two times bigger in the group of legislators, general directors and chief officials of interest representation. Flexible labour market? According to Bérbarométer database Hungarian employees don’t think that changing their workplace is a good problem solving strategy. This can be due to a personal decision rooted in tradition, but also to a constraint because there is no other working opportunity proper to their qualification in their residential area. Low mobility makes trade union interest representation even more important in the workplace. |