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The New World warblers or wood-warblers are
a group of small often colourful
passerine
birds restricted to the New World. They are not related
to the
Old World warblers (Sylviidae) or the
Australian warblers.
Most are
arboreal, but some, like the
Ovenbird and the two
waterthrushes, are more terrestrial. Most members of this
family are insectivores.
It is likely that this group originated in northern
Central America, which remains with the greatest
diversity and numbers of species. From thence they spread
north during the interglacial periods, mainly as
migrants, returning to the ancestral region in winter.
Two genera, Myioborus and Basileuterus seem to have
colonised South America early, perhaps before the two continents
were linked, and provide most of the resident warbler
species of that region.
Many migratory species, particularly those breeding
further north, have distinctive male plumage at least in the
breeding seaon, since males need to reclaim territory and
advertise for mates each year. This tendency is particularly
marked in the large genus Dendroica. In contrast, resident
tropical species, which pair for life, show little if any
sexual dimorphism.
There are of course exceptions. The
Seiurus
waterthrushes and
Ovenbird are strongly migratory, but have identical male
and female plumage, whereas the mainly tropical and
sedentary
yellowthroats are dimorphic.
The Granatellus chats also show sexual dimorphism,
but due to recent genetic work may soon be moved into the
family
Cardinalidae (New World buntings and cardinals).
The migratory species tend to lay larger clutches of
eggs, typically up to six, since the hazards of their
journeys mean that many individuals will have only one
chance to breed. In contrast, two eggs is typical for many
tropical species, since the chicks can be provided with
better care, and the adults are likely to have further
opportunities for reproduction.
The scientific name for the family, Parulidae, originates
from the fact that
Linnaeus in 1758 named the Northern Parula as a
tit, Parus americanus, and, as taxonomy
developed, the genus name was modified first to Parulus
and then the current
Parula. The family name, of course, derives from
that genus.
There are a number of issues in the taxonomy of the
Parulidae.
Sibley and Ahlquist have suggested that the family
be merged with the Emberizidae as a subfamily Parulinae.
The Olive Warbler, however would be removed from the
group as the only member of the separate subfamily Peucedramimae.
The New World warblers are closely related to the
tanagers, and some species like the
conebills Conirostrum and the
Bananaquit have been placed into either group by
different authorities. Currently, the conebills are
normally placed in
Thraupidae and the Bananaquit in its own family.
Green-tailed Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, the
Granatellus chats and White-winged Warbler, are other species where there
have been questions as to whether they should be
considered as warblers of tanagers.
The
Pardusco, Nephelornis oneilli is also of
uncertain affinities
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