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There are 240 species of Tanagers in the bird
family
Thraupidae. Thraupidae belongs to the order
Passeriformes.
Euphonias and
chlorophonias were once considered part of the tanager
family, but they are now treated as members of
Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae).
Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The smallest,
the Short-billed Honeycreeper, is 9 cm long and weighs 9
grams. The longest, the Magpie Tanager is 26 cm. The
heaviest is the White-capped Tanager which weighs 114 grams.
Both sexes are usually the same size and weight. Tanagers
are often brightly colored, but some species are black and
white. Birds in their first year are often duller or a
different color altogether. Males are typically more
brightly coloured than females.
Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the
bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.
Range
Tanagers are restricted to the
New World tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South
America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most
species are endemic to a relatively small area. 18 species
live in North America and Central America year round. 4
species are migratory, breeding in North America. They are
the Scarlet Tanager, Western Tanager, Hepatic Tanager and
the Summer Tanager.Recent molecular evidence indicates these
4 migratory species may be more closely related to the
family
Emberizidae.
Social behavior
Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of 3-5
individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and
their offspring. Birds may also be seen in single species or
mixed flocks. Tanagers are thought to have dull songs. Some
are very elaborate.
Diet
Tanagers are
omnivorous, but the diet of tanagers varies from genus
to genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar,
flower parts and insects. Their foraging technique depends
much on what they look for. Many pick insects off branches.
Other species look for insects on the underside of leaves.
Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect
and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species
inhabit the same areas, but these specializations aleviate
competition.
Breeding and reproduction
The breeding season begin in March through until June in
temperate areas and in September through October in South
America. Some species are territorial while others build
their nests closer together. There is little information on
tanager breeding behavior so it is difficult say if they are
monogamous or polygamous. Males show off their brightest feathers to
potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship
rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.
Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some
nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on
the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The
species of the tree they choose to build their nest in and
the nest's position varies among genera. Most species nest
in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. There is still
no information on the nests of some species.
The clutch size is 3-5 eggs. The female incubates the
eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female
while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species
have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are
thought to be the previous year's nestlings.
Common Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
Tacarcuna Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus tacarcunae
Pirre Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus inornatus
Dusky Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus semifuscus
Sooty-capped Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus pileatus
Short-billed Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus
parvirostris
Yellow-throated Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus
flavigularis
Yellow-green Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus flavovirens
Ashy-throated Bush Tanager, Chlorospingus
canigularis
Genus
Cnemoscopus
Gray-hooded Bush Tanager, Cnemoscopus
rubrirostris
Isler M. Isler P. The Tanagers a Natural History,
Distribution, and Identification. Washington D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution Press: 1987. 404 p.
Bent, A. Life Histories of Blackbirds, Orioles,
Tanagers, and Allies. New York:Dover Publications:1965.
549 p.
Naoki, K. 2003. Evolution of Ecological Diversity in
the Neotropical Tanagers of the Genus Tangara (Aves:
Thraupidae). Dissertation available online, given to
Louisiana State University.
Greeney, H. 2005. Nest and eggs of the
Yellow-whiskered Bush Tanager in Eastern Ecuador.
Ornitologia Neotropical 16: 437- 438.
Recent Hits:
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