MLB_Hotchkiss an improved version of the Hotchkiss Factory map which was released in May 2003.
There was a major issue with the bomb, a main objective in the map since it could be armed without
loading the explosives on it
Cichlids (pronounced “sick-lids”) are
fishes from the
family Cichlidae in the order
Perciformes. The family Cichlidae, a major family of
perciform fish, is both large and diverse. Estimates of
species range from 1300 to 1900, making it one of the three
largest vertebrate families.[1][2] They span a wide range of
body sizes, from so-called dwarf species as small as 2.5 cm
in length (e.g. Neolamprologus multifasciatus ) to much
larger species approaching a metre in length (e.g.
Boulengerochromis and Cichla). As a group the cichlids
exhibit a similarly wide diversity of body shapes, ranging
from strongly laterally compressed species (such as
Altolamprologus, Pterophyllum, and Symphysodon) through to
species that are cylindrical and highly elongate (such as
Teleogramma, Teleocichla, Crenicichla, and Gobiocichla).[3]
On the whole though, cichlids tend to be of medium size,
round in shape and slightly laterally compressed, and
generally very similar to the North American sunfishes in terms of morphology, behaviour, and
ecology.[4]
Some species, particularly the
tilapiines are important food fishes, while others are
valued game fish (eg. Cichla species). Many species are also
highly valued in the aquarium trade.[5][6] Cichlids are also
the family of vertebrates with by far the highest number of
endangered species, most of these being from among the
haplochromine group.[7] Cichlids are particularly well known
for having evolved rapidly into a large number of closely
related but morphologically diverse species within in large
lakes, particularly the African Rift Valley lakes of
Tanganyika, , and Victoria, and Malawi. [8][9] Many cichlids
that have been accidentally or deliberately released
released into freshwaters outside of their natural range
have become nuisance species, for example tilapia in the southern United States.[10]
Cichlids are members of a group of
perciform fish known as the Labroidei alongside the
wrasses Labridae, damselfish Pomacentridae, and surfperches
Embiotocidae. This very large grouping shares a single key
trait: the fusion of the lower pharyngeal bones into a
single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles
allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a
second set of jaws for processing food, allowing a division
of labour between the "true" jaws (mandibles) and the pharyngeal "jaws". Cichlids in particular have
evolved to be very efficient feeders that are able to
capture and process a very wide variety of food items and
this is assumed to be one reason why they are so diverse
(see section on
diet below).[11]
The particular features of cichlids that distinguish them
from the other Labroidei include:[12]
A single nostril on each side of the forhead instead
of two.
No bony shelf below the orbit of the eye.
The
lateral line organ is divided into two sections, one on
the upper half of the flank and a second along the
midline of the flank from about halfway along the body
to the base of the tail (except for genera Teleogramma
and Gobiocichla).
A distinctively shaped
otolith.
The
small intestine leaves the stomach from its left side, not from its right side
as in other Labroidei.
Extensive brood care, with eggs and fry being
guarded by one or both parents.
Range
Cichlids are mainly
freshwater fish that are most diverse in Africa and South
America. Substanial numbers are also found in Central
America as far north as the Rio Grande in southern Texas,
and Madagascar has its own distinctive fauna of cichlids
phylogenetically only distantly related to those on the
African mainland. Asia largely lacks endemic cichlids except
in the Levant east to Iran, Sri Lanka, and southern India..
Europe, Australia, Antarctica, and most of North America do
not have any native cichlids, although where environmental
conditions are suitable, for example in Florida and northern
Australia, feral populations of cichlids have become
established as exotics. [13][14]
Cichlids are less commonly found in brackish and salt
water habitats, though many species will tolerate brackish
water for extended periods; Cichlasoma urophthalmus,
for example, is equally at home in freshwater marshes and
mangrove swamps, and can be found living and breeding in
salt water environments such as the mangrove belts around
barrier islands. [15] However, only a few
cichlids are found primarily in brackish or salt water, most
notably Etroplus maculatus, Etroplus suratensis,
and Sarotherodon melanotheron.
[16]
Diet
Cichlids are astonishingly diverse in terms of diet. Many
are primarily herbivores feeding on algae (e.g. Petrochromis)
and plants (e.g. Etroplus suratensis) and small animals,
particularly invertebrates, are only a small part of their
diet. Some cichlids are detritvores and eat all types of
organic materia; among these species are the tilapias of the genera Oreochromis,
Sarotherodon, and Tilapia.
Other cichlids are
predatory and eat little if any plant matter. These include
generalists that catch a variety of small animals including
other fishes and insect larvae (e.g. Pterophyllum), as well
as variety of specialists. Trematocranus is a specialised
snail-eater, while Pungu maclareni feeds on sponges. A
number of cichlids feed on other fish, either whole or in
part. Crenicichla are stealth-predators that lunge at small
fish that pass by their hiding places, while Cichla are open
water pursuit predators that chase down their prey.
Paedophagous cichlids such as Caprichromis species eat other species' eggs or
young (in some cases ramming the heads of mouthbrooding
species to force them to disgorge their young). Among the
more unusual predators are Plecodus straeleni feeds
on scales and fins ripped from other fishes, and
Nimbochromis livingstonii, which lies on its side and
plays dead, hoping to lure smaller fish close enough for it
to snap them up.
Scientists believe it is this wide adaptability of
feeding styles that has helped cichlids to inhabit such a
wide range of habitats. It is largely the pharyngeal teeth
(teeth in the throat) that allows the cichlid so many
'niche' feeding behaviors, i.e. the jaws may be used to hold
or pick food, while the pharyngeal teeth are used to crush
what was harvested.
Reproduction
All species show some form of parental care for both
eggs and larvae, often extended to free-swimming young until
they are several weeks or months old. The discus fish (Symphysodon
species) are noted to feed their young with a secretion on
the skin from slime glands. Other South American, some
Central American and Madagascan cichlds have also been
observed with fry feeding on their parents, but not to the
extent of the discus. Parental care falls into one of three
categories: mouthbrooders, substrate brooders, and delayed mouthbrooding where the
eggs are laid in the open or in a cave, and subsequently
brooded in the mouth(s) of the parents.
Endangered cichlids
Because of the introduced nile perch and water hyacinth,
deforestation causing siltation of water, and overfishing,
many species of Lake Victoria cichlids have been wiped out
or drastically reduced in the wild. Thankfully, the myriad
of satellite lakes surrounding Lake Victoria have not been
affected, and harbor a vast array of similar species.
Hybrid cichlids
Some cichlids have been found to hybridise with closely
related species quite readily, both in the wild and under
artificial conditions.[17]
This is not particularly unusual, having been observed among
other groups of fishes, such as European
cyprinids.[18]
What is unusual is the extent to which cichlid hybrids have
been put to commercial use, in particular as fast-growing
food fish and as aquarium fish.[19][20]
Cichlids as aquarium fish
Cichlid keeping aquarists tend to divide cichlids into
groups based on regions such as
Central America, South America, Madagascar and India, Lake
Tanganyika, Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria. It is noteworthy that most cichlids are
not the most peaceful aquarium residents, though there are
exceptions to this rule.
Cichlids from Lake Tanganyika were first collected by
German hobbyists during the 1930's. However, it was during
the 1970s and 80s that the cichlids from lakes Tanganyika and Malawi
began to become popular aquarium fishes. This trend
continues to the present unabated.
Perhaps the most commonly encountered species in retail
aquariums is Pterophyllum scalare, known in the trade as the
"angelfish". Other cichlids commonly stocked by retail aquaria include:
Species of cichlid can be kept in
aquariums with other fish, however, many cichlids are
aggressively territorial or predatory towards smaller fish.
Conversely, some cichlids, such as Apistogramma or
Julidochromis spp., can be timid in the aquarium. In such
cases the use of dither fish is recommended.
Genera
Source: Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2006.FishBase.
World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org,
version (03/2006). As of 2006, there are 223 genera.
^
Kullander, S.O., 1998. A phylogeny and
classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei:
Perciformes). p. 461-498. In: L.R. Malabarba, R.E.
Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena
(eds.) Phylogeny and classification of neotropical
fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs
^
Loiselle P. V.,: The Cichlid Aquarium, Voyageur
Press,
ISBN 1564651460
^
Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity
of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 256-257, 1997,
ISBN 0865422567
^
Chapman F. A.: Culture of Hybrid Tilapia: A
Reference Profile. University of Florida Institute
of Food and Agricultural Sciences Circular 1051,
1992
[1]
^
Loiselle P. V.,: The Cichlid Aquarium, Voyageur
Press,
ISBN 1564651460
^
Reid G. M.,: Captive breeding for the conservation
of cichlid fishes. Journal of Fish Biology
37, pp 157-166, 1990
^
Salzburger W, Mack T, Verheyen E, Meyer A (2005) Out
of Tanganyika: Genesis, explosive speciation,
key-innovations and phylogeography of the
haplochromine cichlid fishes BMC Evolutionary
Biology5:17
^
Snoeks J. (ed.) (2004) The cichlid diversity of Lake
Malawi/Nyasa/Niassa: identification, distribution
and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, 2004,
ISBN 0966825586
^
Loiselle P. V.,: The Cichlid Aquarium, Voyageur
Press,
ISBN 1564651460
^
Frank
Schäfer (2005). Brackish-Water Fishes.
Aqualog. ISBN 3-936027-82-X (English), ISBN
3-936027-81-1 (German).
^
Smith, P. F., Konings, A., and Kornfield I.: Hybrid
origin of a cichlid population in Lake Malawi:
implications for genetic variation and species
diversity. Molecular Ecology12, pp
2497–2504, 2003
[2]
^
Wood, A. B., and Jordan, D. R.: Fertility of roach ×
bream hybrids, Rutilus rutilus (L.) ×
Abramis brama (L.), and their identification.
Journal of Fish Biology30, pp 249-261,
1987
^
Chapman F. A.: Culture of Hybrid Tilapia: A
Reference Profile. University of Florida Institute
of Food and Agricultural Sciences Circular 1051,
1992
[3]
Barlow, G. W. (2000). The Cichlid fishes.
Cambridge MA: Perseus Publishing.
Cichlidae: ITIS Standard Report. (Integrated
Taxonomic Information System: National Museum of
Natural History, Washington, D.C., 2004-05-11).
ITIS 169770