The Axis are attempting to escape East with a train cargo of 'special interest'. First, they must fix the train with the spare parts on the truck. The Allies can disable and delay the Truck and the Train with Panzerfausts, gr
Caudal peduncle: the region of the body between the
end of the anal fin and the base of the caudal fin
Ciliated: fringed with eyelash-like projections
Cirri: small, thin appendages, often subdivided into
branches.
Cirrus: singular of cirri (see above)
Claspers: the external reproductive organs of male
sharks, rays and chimaeras
Coalesced: grown together
Compressed: flattened laterally
Confluent: joined together
Conical: cone shaped, with a cylindrical base and a
pointed tip
Corselet: a scaly covering behind the pectorals of
some fishes
Countershading: body colouration which is dark above
and lighter below
Crenulate: having the edge slightly scalloped
Cutaneous: pertaining to the skin
Ctenoid: rough-edged
Cycloid: smooth-edged
D
Deciduous: temporary, falling off
Demersal: living on or near the sea bed
Dendritic: resembling a tree or shrub
Denature: the "unfolding" of a protein resulting in
a lessening of its biological properties. In the case of
some fish toxins, denaturing with hot water can lessen
painful symptoms.
Dentate: with tooth-like projections
Denticle, denticulate: a little tooth, having an
edge with small projecting teeth, the placoid scales of
cartilaginous fishes
Depressed: flattened from top to bottom
Dermal: pertaining to the skin
Dewlap: a fold of loose skin
Disc: the flattened head and body of various fishes
such as stingrays, which also commonly includes the
pectoral and ventral fins
Distal: remote from the point of attachment
Dorsal: pertaining to the back
Dorsum: the upper (dorsal) surface of the head or
body
Dorsal fin origin: the most anterior point of the
dorsal fin base
E
Elasmobranchs: cartilaginous fishes - sharks, rays
and allies
Electrocyte: a cell that generates electricity
Elongate: extended, drawn out
Emarginate: with the margin slightly hollowed
Endemic: restricted to a particular region, for
example endemic to Australia
Entire: with a smooth margin
Epibenthic: referring to organisms living on the
bottom surface
Epipelagic: referring to organisms living in the
region between the surface and 200 m depth
Erectile: capable of being raised or erected, often
referring to spines
Esca: the lure or "bait" on the end of the illicium
of some anglerfishes and relatives
Estuarine: living in estuaries
F
Falcate: scythe-shaped, long, narrow, and curved
Falciform: curved like a scythe
Filament: a slender or thread-like structure
Filiform: thread-like
Fimbriate: fringed at the margin
Finlet: a small fin, positioned behind the dorsal or
anal fins, that is supported by a ray or rays
Fluviatile: living in rivers
Free rear tips (of fins): the posterior tip of the
fin that is closest to the most posterior point of the
fin base
Frontal ridge: a ridge running along the top of the
head along the midline
Furcate: forked
Fusiform: tapering towards both ends
G
Gill arches: the bony arches to which the gills are
attached
Gill cover: or bony flap that covers the gills, the
operculum
Gill filaments: a series of projections along the
posterior edge of the gill arch, the site of gas
exchange
Gill membranes: membranes covering the gill
openings, attached to the branchiostegals
Gill opening: opening behind each operculum, leading
to the gills
Gill rakers: a series of appendages along the
anterior edges of the gill arches
Gills, Branchiae: organs for breathing the air
contained in water
Glossohyal: the tongue bone
Gonopodium: a modification of the anal fin of males
of certain live-bearing species (i.e. family
Poeciliidae), that is used to transfer reproductive
products to the female during mating.
Gravid: Sexually ripe
Gular region: pertaining to the region behind the
chin and between the sides of the lower jaw
H
Head length: the distance from the tip of the snout
(or upper lip) to the most posterior point of the
opercular margin
Homology: similarity of features based on common
evolutionary descent
Hyperostosis: a condition resulting in enlargement
of areas of bone.
Hyaline: translucent or transparent
Hypural joint: the joint between the caudal fin and
the last of the vertebrae
Hypural plate: the flattened bony plate at the
posterior end of the vertebral column, formed from parts
of the posterior vertebrae.
I
Ichthyoplankton: fish eggs and larvae
Illicium: a "fishing rod-like" appendage on the
head, usually a modified dorsal fin spine
Imbricate: overlapping, like the shingles on a roof
Incised: with a notched margin (often referring to
fin membranes)
Incisors: the front or cutting teeth
Inferior: pertaining to the lower side (usually of
the head)
Interdorsal: between the dorsal fins
Interorbital: the space between the orbits
intromittent organ: a structure to facilitate sperm
transfer in some internally fertilizating species
Iris lappet: a fleshy flap or lobe-like structure in
the eye, short and rounded, simple or multiply branched.
Isthmus: the fleshy projection of the body
separating the gill openings
J
Jugular: pertaining to the throat
Juxtaposed: placed near together
K
Kidneys: organs involved in excretion and regulation
of water balance
L
Lanceolate: spear-shaped, gradually tapering toward
the extremity
Labial: pertaining to the lips
Labial furrows: shallow grooves around the lips
Labial papillae: small fleshy projections around the
lips
Lateral: at or toward the side
Lateral line: a series of muciferous tubes forming a
raised line along the side of the body
Leptocephalic: tallness and narrowness of the skull
- in fish usually refers to "elongate highly compressed
transparent, ribbon-like larval stage" (source FishBase
glossary)
Liver: a digestive and storage organ
Longitudinal series (scales): the number of scale
rows above the lateral line from the first pored lateral
line scale to the caudal fin base.
Lunate: shaped like a crescent moon, with long upper
and lower lobes
M
Maxilla, Maxillary: the upper jaw, or pertaining
thereto
Maxillae, Maxillaries: the hindmost bones of the
upper jaw; preceded by the premaxillaries
Median, medially: pertaining to the middle
Median fins: fins located on the median line of the
fish; the dorsal, anal and caudal fins
Mediolateral: between the middle and the sides
Mesocoracoid: a bone of the pectoral arch or
shoulder girdle
Mesopelagic: refers to the region of the open ocean
between 200 m and 1000 m in depth
Mesopelagic fishes: fishes that live in the
mesopelagic zone
Midwater: the middle stratum of water, well below
the surface and well above the seabed. See also
mesopelagic.
Midwater fishes: fishes that live in the midwater
Molars: blunt and rounded grinding teeth
Morphology: form and structure of an organism
Muciferous: producing or containing mucous or slime
Myotomes: blocks of lateral trunk muscles
N
Nape: upper surface of the body behind the head and
before the dorsal fin
Nasal: pertaining to the nostrils
Nasoral: between the nostrils and mouth
Nictitating membrane: an inner eyelid
Notochord: a rudimentary of embryonic spinal column
Nuchal: pertaining to the nape
O
Obsolete: faintly marked, scarcely evident
Obtuse: blunt
Occipital: pertaining to the posterior part of the
skull
Ocellus: an eye-like spot
Ocular: pertaining to the eye
Odontode: a dermal tooth
Oesophagus: the gullet
Opercule,
operculum: the bony flap that covers the gills
Opercular: pertaining to the operculum
Opercular spine: spine projecting from the operculum
(view the fish figure)
Orbit: the eye socket
Origin: the most anterior point of a fin base
Osseus: bony
Ovate: egg-shaped
P
Palate: the roof of the mouth
Palatines: the bones on each side of the palate
Papilla (papillae): a small fleshy projection(s)
Papillose: covered with papillae
Pectoral: pertaining to the breast
Pectoral fins: the anterior or uppermost of the
paired fins, which correspond to the anterior limbs of
the higher vertebrates
Pectoral girdle: the bones to which the pectoral fin
is attached
Peduncle: usually referred to as the caudal
peduncle, the region of the body between the end of the
anal fin and the base of the caudal fin
Pelagic: living on or in the open seas
Pelvic girdle: the bones to which the ventral fins
are attached
Pelvic fins: paired fins behind or below the
pectoral fins
Pharyngeal bones: bones behind the gills in the
oesophagus or gullet
Pharyngeal teeth: teeth within the pharynx
Pharynx: the back part of the throat, into which the
gill slits open
Photophore: a circular light-producing organ on the
surface of a fish
Posterior: towards the hind end of the fish
Postorbital: behind the eye
Precaudal: anterior to the tail portion
Premaxillaries: two bones forming the front portion
of the upper jaw
Preocular spine: spine positioned above and in front
of the eye
Preopercle, preoperculum: the bone between the cheek
and the gill cover
Preopercular spine: spine projecting from the
preopercule (see preopercle) (view the fish figure)
Preorbital: the area under and in front of the eyes
Protractile: capable of extending forward
Protrusible: capable of extending forward, often
referring to the jaws of fishes
Proximal: nearest
Pseudobranchiae: small gills developed on the inner
side of the gill cover
Pseudoclasper: stiff ossified lobes or prongs in the
tip of the intromittent organ
Pterygiophore: an internal cartilage or bone that
supports a median fin ray or spine
Pyloric caecae: finger-like pouches connected with
the alimentary canal (the gut)
R
Ramus: one branch or one half of the jaw
Ray: a jointed rod which supports a fin
Retrose: turned backward
Rostrum: a projecting snout or beak
Rugose: rough
S
Scalation: pertains to the
pattern/arrangement/presence of scales
Scute: any external horny or bony plate
Serrate: notched like a saw
Setae: bristles or hairs
Soft dorsal: the posterior part of the dorsal fin
which is composed of jointed rays
Spatulate: shovel-like; having a broad, flat and
rounded shape
Spine: a sharp projecting point; an unjointed
support in the anterior portions of the dorsal and anal
fins
Spinous, spiniform, spinate: spine-like or composed
of spines
Spinous dorsal: the anterior part of the dorsal fin
supported by spines
Spiracles: respiratory openings behind the eyes in
sharks and rays
Standard length (SL): the length of a fish measured
from the tip of the snout to the posterior extremity of
the hypurals, the expanded bones at the end of the
backbone that support the caudal fin
Submarginal: almost at the edge
Suborbital: below the eye
Superior: above or on the upper surface
Supracleithrum: the bone forming a connection
between the back of the skull and the pectoral girdle
Supralateral: above the side
Supramaxillary: a supplemental bone lying along the
upper edge of the maxillary
Supraocular: positioned above the eye
Supraorbital: above the eye
Supraorbital tentacle: a flap or filament of skin
positioned above the eye
Suprascapular: a bone uniting the shoulder girdle
with the skull
Suture: the line of union of two bones or plates
Symphysis: point of junction of the two sides of the
jaw
Symmetrical: similarly arranged on both sides
Swimbladder: a sac filled with gas, lying beneath
the backbone
T
Teleost: a member of Teleostei, an infraclass
containing most of the
bony fishes
Terminal: at the end
Tessellated: marked with little checks or squares,
like tiles
Thoracic: pertaining to the chest
Thorax: the chest region, just behind the head
Total length: the length from the tip of the snout
to the tip of the tail
Transverse: crosswise
Trilobate: with three lobes
Tricuspid: with three cusps or points
Truncate: terminating abruptly, as if cut off square
Trunk: the region of a fish between the head and
tail, or the last gill slit and vent
Tubercle: a small, usually hard excrescence or lump
Tubiform, tubuliform: resembling a tube
Type locality: the location from which the
type specimen was collected.
U
Undulated: waved
Urogenital papilla: a papilla through which the
urinary waste and gametes leave the body
V
Vent: the external opening of the alimentary canal,
the anus
Ventral: pertaining to the abdominal or lower
surface
Ventral fins: paired fins behind or below the
pectoral fins
Vertical fins: fins on the median line of the body;
the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins
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